Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26810619›Full record

ArticleJAMA pediatrics2016

Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study.

Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration, Hmwe H Kyu, Christine Pinho, Joseph A Wagner, Jonathan C Brown, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Fiona J Charlson, Luc Edgar Coffeng, Lalit Dandona, Holly E Erskine and 148 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in JAMA pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 292 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
292citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

292 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  10. The effects of exposures to mycotoxins on immunity in children: A systematic review.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2019
    Pooled it
  11. Trial
  12. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescent Mental Health and Substance Use.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2022
    Trial
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  16. Article
  17. Validation of a Swahili Pediatric Pain Scale in Tanzania: An Observational Study.Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses · 2026
    Observational
  18. Observational
  19. Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Pediatric Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026
    Article
  20. Article

232 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

158 authors.

Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration
Hmwe H KyuInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Christine PinhoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Joseph A WagnerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Jonathan C BrownInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Amelia Bertozzi-VillaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Fiona J CharlsonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Luc Edgar CoffengInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle4Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Lalit DandonaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle5Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
Holly E ErskineInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Alize J FerrariInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Christina FitzmauriceInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle6Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle7Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Thomas D FlemingInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Mohammad H ForouzanfarInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Nicholas GraetzInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Caterina GuinovartInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Juanita HaagsmaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle4Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Hideki HigashiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Nicholas J KassebaumInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle8Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
Heidi J LarsonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle9Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England.
Stephen S LimInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Ali H MokdadInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Maziar Moradi-LakehInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle10Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Shaun V OdellUniversity of Washington Medical Center, Seattle12Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington13Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Gregory A RothInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Peter T SerinaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Jeffrey D StanawayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Awoke MisganawInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Harvey A WhitefordInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Timothy M WolockInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Sarah Wulf HansonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Foad Abd-AllahDepartment of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Semaw Ferede AberaKilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia16School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Laith J Abu-RaddadInfectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
Fadia S AlBuhairanKing Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia19King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Azmeraw T AmareDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands21College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia22Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Carl Abelardo T AntonioDepartment of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
Al ArtamanConsultant, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
Suzanne L Barker-ColloSchool of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Lope H BarreroDepartment of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
Corina BenjetNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
Isabela M BensenorUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Zulfiqar A BhuttaMedical Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan30The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Boris BikbovA. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia32Academician V. I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia.
Alexandra BrazinovaInternational Neurotrama Research Organization, Vienna, Austria34Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
Ismael Campos-NonatoNational Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico36School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Carlos A Castañeda-OrjuelaColombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia38Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Ferrán Catalá-LópezClinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada40Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
Rajiv ChowdhuryDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
Cyrus CooperMRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, England43National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, S.
John A CrumpCentre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Rakhi DandonaPublic Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
Louisa DegenhardtNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Robert P DellavalleUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
Samath D DharmaratneDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Emerito Jose A FaraonDepartment of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines49Office for Technical Services, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines.
Valery L FeiginNational Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Thomas FürstDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, England.
Johanna M GeleijnseDivision of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Bradford D GessnerAgence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
Katherine B GibneyDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia55Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia.
Atsushi GotoDepartment of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
David GunnellSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
Graeme J HankeySchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia59Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia60Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia.
Roderick J HayInternational Foundation for Dermatology, London, England62King's College London, London, England.
John C HornbergerCedar Associates, Menlo Park, California64Stanford University, Stanford, California.
H Dean HosgoodAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
Guoqing HuDepartment of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Kathryn H JacobsenGeorge Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
Sudha P JayaramanDepartment of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Panniyammakal JeemonCentre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India70Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
Jost B JonasDepartment of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
André KarchEpidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany73Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Daniel KimDepartment of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Sungroul KimSoonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
Yoshihiro KokuboDepartment of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
Barthelemy Kuate DefoDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada78Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada79Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal.
Burcu Kucuk BicerInstitute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
G Anil KumarPublic Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
Anders LarssonDepartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Janet L LeasherNova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Ricky LeungState University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer.
Yongmei LiGenentech, South San Francisco, California.
Steven E LipshultzSchool of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan86Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit.
Alan D LopezMelbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Paulo A LotufoUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Raimundas LuneviciusAintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England89School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
Ronan A LyonsFarr Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales.
Marek MajdanFaculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
Reza MalekzadehDigestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Taufiq MashalMinistry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Amanda J Mason-JonesDepartment of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England.
Yohannes Adama MelakuSchool of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia94School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia95School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Ziad A MemishSaudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia97College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Walter MendozaUnited Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
Ted R MillerPacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland100Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
Charles N MockHarborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.
Joseph MurrayDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
Sandra NolteDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany104Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australi.
In-Hwan OhDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
Bolajoko Olubukunola OlusanyaCenter for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria.
Katrina F OrtbladHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Eun-Kee ParkDepartment of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
Angel J Paternina CaicedoUniversidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
Scott B PattenDepartment of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
George C PattonMurdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
David M PereiraREQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Norberto PericoIstituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy.
Frédéric B PielDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
Suzanne PolinderDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Svetlana PopovaCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Farshad PourmalekSchool of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
D Alex QuistbergHarborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle117Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.
Giuseppe RemuzziCentro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy119Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
Alina RodriguezDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England121Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
David Rojas-RuedaCentre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Dietrich RothenbacherInstitute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
David H RothsteinDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York125Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo.
Juan SanabriaCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio127Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, North Chicago, Illinois.
Itamar S SantosInternal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
David C SchwebelUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
Sadaf G SepanlouDigestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amira ShaheenDepartment of Public Health, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Rahman ShiriFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland132School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
Ivy ShiueHealth and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England134Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Vegard SkirbekkColumbia University, New York, New York.
Karen SliwaFaculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Chandrashekhar T SreeramareddyDepartment of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa139South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.
Timothy J SteinerDivision of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England141Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Lars Jacob StovnerDepartment of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway142Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Bryan L SykesDepartment of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine144Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine145Department of Public Health, University of California, Irvine.
Karen M TabbSchool of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign.
Abdullah Sulieman TerkawiDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville148Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio149Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alan J ThomsonAdaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Andrew L Thorne-LymanDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts152WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia.
Jeffrey Allen TowbinLe Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee154University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis155St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
Kingsley Nnanna UkwajaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
Tommi VasankariUKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
Narayanaswamy VenketasubramanianRaffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
Vasiliy Victorovich VlassovNational Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Stein Emil VollsetNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway161Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Elisabete WeiderpassDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden163Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway164Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of H.
Robert G WeintraubUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia167Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia168Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Andrea WerdeckerCompetence Center Mortality Follow-up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
James D WilkinsonSchool of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan86Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit.
Solomon Meseret WoldeyohannesDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Charles D A WolfeDivision of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, England172National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London.
Yuichiro YanoDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
Paul YipSocial Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China175Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Naohiro YonemotoNational Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
Seok-Jun YoonDepartment of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
Mustafa Z YounisJackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
Chuanhua YuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China180Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Maysaa El Sayed ZakiMansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
Mohsen NaghaviInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Christopher J L MurrayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.

Funding

RESEARCH TRAINING IN HEMATOLOGYT32HL007093 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Janis L Abkowitz · 1985 to 2026
$13.9M
DYNAMICS OF TRANSITION TO VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATIONF32HL008014 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI SAXBERG, BO E · 1990 to 1990
–
British Heart Foundation RG/08/014/24067DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance IA/CPHI/14/1/501497Department of Health RP-PG-0407-10184Medical Research Council G0400491Medical Research Council MC_PC_13043Medical Research Council MC_U147585819Medical Research Council MC_U147585824Medical Research Council MC_U147585827Medical Research Council MR/K006525/1Medical Research Council MR/L003120/1NHLBI NIH HHS 5T32HL007093-40NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007093Wellcome Trust 089963Wellcome Trust 089963/Z/09/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceThe literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce.

objectiveTo determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14,244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35,620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates.

findingsOf the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905.059 deaths; 95% UI, 810,304-998,125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38,325 deaths; 95% UI, 30,365-47,678), and road injuries among adolescents (115,186 deaths; 95% UI, 105,185-124,870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world's deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world's diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessAdolescentAdolescent HealthBayes TheoremChildChild HealthChild MortalityChild, PreschoolDeveloped CountriesDeveloping CountriesFemaleGlobal HealthHumansMalePrevalencePublic Health Surveillance

Identifiers

PMID26810619
PMCPMC5076765

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.