ArticlePloS one2016
Characteristic Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Encephalitis of Infectious, Immune-Mediated, and Unknown Aetiology.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Cytokine Patterns as Predictors of Antibiotic Treatment Effect in Chronic Low Back Pain with Modic Changes: Subgroup Analyses of a Randomized Trial (AIM Study).Journal of pain research · 2023Trial
- Metabolic Signatures and Diagnostic Strategies for Different Types of Encephalitis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Cross-sectional Study.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Predicting ICU Admission in Adults with New-Onset Encephalitis.Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Diagnostic markers of acute encephalitis syndrome and COVID-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children from Southern India.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
- Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Integrating host transcriptomic signatures for distinguishing autoimmune encephalitis in cerebrospinal fluid by metagenomic sequencing.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- The role of the CD8+ T cell compartment in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Protocol for DexEnceph: a randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology in dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Due to Limbic Encephalitis: Immunologic Aspect.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Astrocyte- and Neuron-Derived CXCL1 Drives Neutrophil Transmigration and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Viral Encephalitis.Cell reports · 2020Article
- Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Review
- Rabies encephalitis presenting with new-onset refractory status epilepticus-Update.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2020Article
- Understanding and managing acute encephalitis.F1000Research · 2020Review
- CSF levels of myelin basic protein in pediatric patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection.Central-European journal of immunology · 2020Article
- Pro-inflammatory dopamine-2 receptor-specific T cells in paediatric movement and psychiatric disorders.Clinical & translational immunology · 2020Article
- Inflammatory responses to a pathogenic West Nile virus strain.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Synergy of Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-18 in eosinophil mediated pathogenesis of allergic diseases.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEncephalitis is parenchymal brain inflammation due to infectious or immune-mediated processes. However, in 15-60% the cause remains unknown. This study aimed to determine if the cytokine/chemokine-mediated host response can distinguish infectious from immune-mediated cases, and whether this may give a clue to aetiology in those of unknown cause.
methodsWe measured 38 mediators in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients from the Health Protection Agency Encephalitis Study. Of serum from 78 patients, 38 had infectious, 20 immune-mediated, and 20 unknown aetiology. Of CSF from 37 patients, 20 had infectious, nine immune-mediated and eight unknown aetiology.
resultsHeat-map analysis of CSF mediator interactions was different for infectious and immune-mediated cases, and that of the unknown aetiology group was similar to the infectious pattern. Higher myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations were found in infectious than immune-mediated cases, in serum and CSF (p = 0.01 and p = 0.006). Serum MPO was also higher in unknown than immune-mediated cases (p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis selected serum MPO; classifying 31 (91%) as infectious (p = 0.008) and 17 (85%) as unknown (p = 0.009) as opposed to immune-mediated. CSF data also selected MPO classifying 11 (85%) as infectious as opposed to immune-mediated (p = 0.036). CSF neutrophils were detected in eight (62%) infective and one (14%) immune-mediated cases (p = 0.004); CSF MPO correlated with neutrophils (p<0.0001).
conclusionsMediator profiles of infectious aetiology differed from immune-mediated encephalitis; and those of unknown cause were similar to infectious cases, raising the hypothesis of a possible undiagnosed infectious cause. Particularly, neutrophils and MPO merit further investigation.
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Registered trials
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