ArticleScientific reports2016
Botulinum neurotoxin type-A enters a non-recycling pool of synaptic vesicles.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Headache Disorders.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2021Trial
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Pioneering pain management with botulinum toxin type A: From anti-inflammation to regenerative therapies.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Article
- Presynaptic targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A requires a tripartite PSG-Syt1-SV2 plasma membrane nanocluster for synaptic vesicle entry.The EMBO journal · 2023Article
- Distribution of Cleaved SNAP-25 in the Rat Brain, following Unilateral Injection of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A into the Striatum.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Toxicology and pharmacology of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins: an update.Archives of toxicology · 2022Review
- Live-Cell Superresolution Imaging of Retrograde Axonal Trafficking Using Pulse-Chase Labeling in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors That Prevent the Neuroparalysis of Tetanus Neurotoxin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Neurotrophic effects of Botulinum neurotoxin type A in hippocampal neurons involve activation of Rac1 by the non-catalytic heavy chain (HCIBRO neuroscience reports · 2021Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins: Mechanism of Action.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2021Review
- Modular transient nanoclustering of activated β2-adrenergic receptors revealed by single-molecule tracking of conformation-specific nanobodies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Endocytosis, trafficking and exocytosis of intact full-length botulinum neurotoxin type a in cultured rat neurons.Neurotoxicology · 2020Article
- Nanobody-Based Probes for Subcellular Protein Identification and Visualization.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Review
- The role of the single interchains disulfide bond in tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins and the development of antitetanus and antibotulism drugs.Cellular microbiology · 2019Review
- Review
- Review
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- Visualizing endocytic recycling and trafficking in live neurons by subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules.Nature protocols · 2017Article
- In vivo single-molecule imaging of syntaxin1A reveals polyphosphoinositide- and activity-dependent trapping in presynaptic nanoclusters.Nature communications · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuronal communication relies on synaptic vesicles undergoing regulated exocytosis and recycling for multiple rounds of fusion. Whether all synaptic vesicles have identical protein content has been challenged, suggesting that their recycling ability may differ greatly. Botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT/A) is a highly potent neurotoxin that is internalized in synaptic vesicles at motor nerve terminals and induces flaccid paralysis. Recently, BoNT/A was also shown to undergo retrograde transport, suggesting it might enter a specific pool of synaptic vesicles with a retrograde trafficking fate. Using high-resolution microscopy techniques including electron microscopy and single molecule imaging, we found that the BoNT/A binding domain is internalized within a subset of vesicles that only partially co-localize with cholera toxin B-subunit and have markedly reduced VAMP2 immunoreactivity. Synaptic vesicles loaded with pHrodo-BoNT/A-Hc exhibited a significantly reduced ability to fuse with the plasma membrane in mouse hippocampal nerve terminals when compared with pHrodo-dextran-containing synaptic vesicles and pHrodo-labeled anti-GFP nanobodies bound to VAMP2-pHluorin or vGlut-pHluorin. Similar results were also obtained at the amphibian neuromuscular junction. These results reveal that BoNT/A is internalized in a subpopulation of synaptic vesicles that are not destined to recycle, highlighting the existence of significant molecular and functional heterogeneity between synaptic vesicles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.