Trial reportJournal of diabetes science and technology2016
Injection Technique and Pen Needle Design Affect Leakage From Skin After Subcutaneous Injections.
Trial report in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analyzing the impact of subcutaneous injection needle, device, and administration characteristics on patient pain, anxiety, and safety: a systematic literature review.Drug delivery · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Investigation of Large Volume Subcutaneous Delivery up to 25 mL for Lean and Non-Lean Subjects.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Trial
- Impact of Injection Speed, Volume, and Site on Pain Sensation.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2018Trial
- Backflow reduction in local injection therapy with gelatin formulations.Drug delivery · 2024Article
- Poroelastic Characterization and Modeling of Subcutaneous Tissue Under Confined Compression.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- SubQ-Sim: A Subcutaneous Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model. Part 1: The Injection and System Parameters.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Design Development of the SMARTCLICAdvances in therapy · 2023Article
- Factors Affecting Performance of Insulin Pen Injector Technology: A Narrative Review.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2023Review
- Review
- Investigation of Association Between Insulin Injection Technique and Blood Glucose Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Insulin Injection Practices in a Population of Canadians with Diabetes: An Observational Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2020Article
- The Injection Technique Factor: What You Don't Know or Teach Can Make a Difference.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2019Article
- Subcutaneous Administration of Biotherapeutics: An Overview of Current Challenges and Opportunities.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2018Review
- May the Z-Tracking Technique to Prevent Any Leakage in Insulin Injection Be an Alternative to the 10-Second Waiting Technique?Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAfter a subcutaneous injection fluid might leak out of the skin, commonly referred to as leakage or backflow. The objective was to examine the influence of needle design and injection technique on leakage after injections in the subcutaneous tissue of humans and pigs.
methodLeakage data were obtained from a post hoc analysis of clinical trial data and from a pig study. Data from the clinical study were used to determine leakage as a function of injection volume, speed and region. Data from the pig study were used to determine leakage as a function of needle wall thickness, needle taper, injection angle, and wait time from end of injection to withdrawal of needle from skin.
resultsLeakage volume was positively related to injection volume. Injections in the abdomen caused less leakage than thigh injections. A 32G needle caused less leakage than a 31G and a 32G tip (tapered) needle, and a "straight in" 90° needle insertion angle caused less leakage than an angled (~45°) insertion. Wait times of minimum 3 seconds caused less leakage than immediate withdrawal of the needle after injection. Needle wall thickness and injection speed did not influence leakage.
conclusionsLeakage will be minimized using a thin needle, using 90° needle insertion in the abdomen, injecting maximum 800 µL at a time, and waiting at least 3 seconds after the injection until the needle is withdrawn from the skin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.