Observational studyClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
Maternal Immunization Earlier in Pregnancy Maximizes Antibody Transfer and Expected Infant Seropositivity Against Pertussis.
Observational study in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 249 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimal timing of influenza vaccine during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2019Pooled it
- Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2018Guideline
- The Influence of Maternally Derived Antibody and Infant Age at Vaccination on Infant Vaccine Responses : An Individual Participant Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2017Pooled it
- Three Dose Levels of a Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidate Are Well Tolerated and Immunogenic in a Randomized Trial in Nonpregnant Women.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Impact of Timing of Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy on Transplacental Antibody Transfer, Influenza Incidence, and Birth Outcomes: A Randomized Trial in Rural Nepal.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Vaccination and Acute Respiratory Illness in Infants.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Multi-factorial regulatory networks of placental antibody transfer by Fc receptors and maternal IgG Fc characteristics are modulated by clinical covariate profiles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating women: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Transplacental Antibody Transfer: Mechanisms, Pregnancy-Related Disruptions, and Emerging Experimental Models.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Vaccination Status in Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Two Greek Maternity Hospitals.Journal of pregnancy · 2026Article
- Vaccination in pregnancy to protect the newborn.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Pertussis resurgence: epidemiological trends, pathogenic mechanisms, and preventive strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Regulators of placental antibody transfer through a modeling lens.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- Review
- Maternal Pertussis Immunization and Immunoglobulin G Levels in Early- to Late-Term and Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- HIV-related immune activation attenuates polyfunctional IgG and memory B-cell responses to Tdap immunization during pregnancy.EBioMedicine · 2024Observational
- Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of Tdap compared to Td in pregnant women in Mali and 3 its effect on infant immune responses: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled phase 2 study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMaternal immunization against pertussis is currently recommended after the 26th gestational week (GW). Data on the optimal timing of maternal immunization are inconsistent.
methodsWe conducted a prospective observational noninferiority study comparing the influence of second-trimester (GW 13-25) vs third-trimester (≥GW 26) tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization in pregnant women who delivered at term. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of cord blood antibodies to recombinant pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary endpoint were GMCs and expected infant seropositivity rates, defined by birth anti-PT >30 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (EU)/mL to confer seropositivity until 3 months of age.
resultsWe included 335 women (mean age, 31.0 ± 5.1 years; mean gestational age, 39.3 ± 1.3 GW) previously immunized with Tdap in the second (n = 122) or third (n = 213) trimester. Anti-PT and anti-FHA GMCs were higher following second- vs third-trimester immunization (PT: 57.1 EU/mL [95% confidence interval {CI}, 47.8-68.2] vs 31.1 EU/mL [95% CI, 25.7-37.7], P < .001; FHA: 284.4 EU/mL [95% CI, 241.3-335.2] vs 140.2 EU/mL [95% CI, 115.3-170.3], P < .001). The adjusted GMC ratios after second- vs third-trimester immunization differed significantly (PT: 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4-2.5]; FHA: 2.2 [95% CI, 1.7-3.0], P < .001). Expected infant seropositivity rates reached 80% vs 55% following second- vs third-trimester immunization (adjusted odds ratio, 3.7 [95% CI, 2.1-6.5], P < .001).
conclusionsEarly second-trimester maternal Tdap immunization significantly increased neonatal antibodies. Recommending immunization from the second trimester onward would widen the immunization opportunity window and could improve seroprotection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.