ArticleToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2016
PBPK Model for Atrazine and Its Chlorotriazine Metabolites in Rat and Human.
Article in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Developmental neurotoxicity of atrazine: decreased synaptic spine density and miRNA-driven GluN2A downregulation in primary hippocampal neurons.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Extrapolation of in vitro effect concentrations to in vivo bioavailable concentrations using PBK modelling in humans for two classes of persistent and mobile compounds: triazoles and triazines.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Review of the effect of atrazine on the HPG axes and steroidogenic pathways in males: relevance for testicular and prostate cancer.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Development and Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Riluzole with PBPK Model to Simulate the Pharmacokinetic Profile.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2023Article
- Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Nitrofurantoin in Rabbits, Rats, and Humans.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- The Role of "Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model (PBPK)" New Approach Methodology (NAM) in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Chemical Risk Assessment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Machine learning and artificial intelligence in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Chloro-s-triazines-toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Considerations.Current drug metabolism · 2021Review
- The Herbicide Atrazine Potentiates Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Synthesis and Release From Adrenal Cells.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat.Endocrinology · 2018Article
- Changes in Sensitivity to the Effects of Atrazine on the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats after Repeated Daily Doses: Correlation with Liver Enzyme Expression.Birth defects research · 2018Article
- PBPK-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Total Chlorotriazines in Drinking Water.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The previously-published physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for atrazine (ATZ), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA), and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), which collectively comprise the total chlorotriazines (TCT) as represented in this study, was modified to allow for scaling to humans. Changes included replacing the fixed dose-dependent oral uptake rates with a method that represented delayed absorption observed in rats administered ATZ as a bolus dose suspended in a methylcellulose vehicle. Rate constants for metabolism of ATZ to DIA and DEA, followed by metabolism of DIA and DEA to DACT were predicted using a compartmental model describing the metabolism of the chlorotriazines by rat and human hepatocytesin vitro Overall, the model successfully predicted both the 4-day plasma time-course data in rats administered ATZ by bolus dose (3, 10, and 50 mg/kg/day) or in the diet (30, 100, or 500 ppm). Simulated continuous daily exposure of a 55-kg adult female to ATZ at a dose of 1.0 µg/kg/day resulted in steady-state urinary concentrations of 0.6, 1.4, 2.5, and 6.0 µg/L for DEA, DIA, DACT, and TCT, respectively. The TCT (ATZ + DEA + DIA + DACT) human urinary biomonitoring equivalent concentration following continuous exposure to ATZ at the chronic point of departure (POD = 1.8 mg/kg/day) was 360.6 μg/L.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.