ArticleThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2016
ω-3 fatty acids contribute to the asthma-protective effect of unprocessed cow's milk.
Article in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Use of UV Treated Milk Powder to Increase Vaccine Efficacy in the Elderly.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids as Evolutionarily Conserved Signals of Immune Activation.DNA and cell biology · 2026Review
- Nutrition as a Modifiable Factor in Optimizing Respiratory Health: Evidence from Pulmonary Function Tests.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effect of Heat Pasteurization and Sterilization on Milk Safety, Composition, Sensory Properties, and Nutritional Quality.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association between milk consumption and migraines among American adults: national health and nutrition examination survey.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- The effect of camel milk on house dust mite allergen induced asthma model in BALB/C mice.PloS one · 2025Article
- European Respiratory Society Research Seminar on Preventing Pediatric Asthma.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Review
- Variations in the milk lipidomic profile of lactating dairy cows fed the diets containing alfalfa hay versus alfalfa silage.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2024Article
- Nutrition, production, and processing of virgin omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dairy: An integrative review.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Microbes little helpers and suppliers for therapeutic asthma approaches.Respiratory research · 2024Review
- Continuous Rather Than Solely Early Farm Exposure Protects From Hay Fever Development.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Nasopharyngeal airway dual-transcriptome of infants with severe bronchiolitis and risk of childhood asthma: A multicenter prospective study.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2022Article
- Association of milk intake with hay fever, asthma, and lung function: a Mendelian randomization analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Environmental influences on childhood allergies and asthma - The Farm effect.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022Review
- Epigenetic Mechanisms in Allergy Development and Prevention.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Article
- S3 guideline Allergy Prevention.Allergologie select · 2022Article
- Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries.PeerJ · 2022Article
- Dietary Factors Associated with Asthma Development: A Narrative Review and Summary of Current Guidelines and Recommendations.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2022Review
- Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores.Frontiers in allergy · 2022Review
- Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Nutrition and Nutrients in Prevention and Treatment.Nutrients · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLiving on a farm has repeatedly been shown to protect children from asthma and allergies. A major factor involved in this effect is consumption of unprocessed cow's milk obtained directly from a farm. However, this phenomenon has never been shown in a longitudinal design, and the responsible milk components are still unknown.
objectivesWe sought to assess the asthma-protective effect of unprocessed cow's milk consumption in a birth cohort and to determine whether the differences in the fatty acid (FA) composition of unprocessed farm milk and industrially processed milk contributed to this effect.
methodsThe Protection Against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) study followed 1133 children living in rural areas in 5 European countries from birth to age 6 years. In 934 children milk consumption was assessed by using yearly questionnaires, and samples of the "usually" consumed milk and serum samples of the children were collected at age 4 years. Doctor-diagnosed asthma was parent reported at age 6 years. In a nested case-control study of 35 asthmatic and 49 nonasthmatic children, 42 FAs were quantified in milk samples.
resultsThe risk of asthma at 6 years of age was reduced by previous consumption of unprocessed farm milk compared with shop milk (adjusted odds ratio for consumption at 4 years, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10-0.67). Part of the effect was explained by the higher fat content of farm milk, particularly the higher levels of ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs (adjusted odds ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.81).
conclusionContinuous farm milk consumption in childhood protects against asthma at school age partially by means of higher intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs, which are precursors of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.