Observational studyScience translational medicine2016
Host gene expression classifiers diagnose acute respiratory illness etiology.
Observational study in Science translational medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Upregulation of CRISP3 and its clinical values in adult sepsis: a comprehensive analysis based on microarrays and a two-retrospective-cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Integrated host-microbe plasma metagenomics for sepsis diagnosis in a prospective cohort of critically ill adults.Nature microbiology · 2022Trial
- Integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics signatures of clinical tolerance to Plasmodium vivax reveal activation of innate cell immunity and T cell signaling.Redox biology · 2018Trial
- The host transcriptional response to real-world cryptococcosis in the setting of advanced HIV disease defines dysregulated immune responses that underlie increased vulnerability to infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Rapid Diagnostics for Distinguishing Bacterial and Viral Infections: A Review of Technologies, Clinical Utility, and Stewardship Implications.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Exploratory study on blood and urine transcriptomes for identifying miRNA biomarkers in pediatric febrile bacterial and viral infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multi-cohort consensus clustering identifies three distinct transcriptomic endotypes in sepsis.BMC bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Clinical metagenomics for diagnosis and surveillance of viral pathogens.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Diagnostic efficacy of monocyte distribution width to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ratio in differentiating pathogen types in community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Proceedings of the inaugural symposium on dengue human challenge studies "Challenging the norm: Accelerating dengue countermeasures through human studies".PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Integrating a host biomarker with a large language model for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A four-gene signature from blood to exclude bacterial etiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Minimalistic transcriptomic signatures permit accurate early prediction of COVID-19 mortality.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Molecular dynamics of the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in baboons.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Direct single cell-type gene expression analysis in peripheral blood: novel ratio-based gene expression biomarkers using 2 novel monocyte reference genes (PSAP and CTSS) for detection of bacterial infection.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Infectious Diseases: Clinical Applications, Translational Challenges, and Future Directions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The host response to influenza infections in human lung and macrophages cell lines.BMC genomic data · 2025Article
- Multicohort Analysis of Bronchial Epithelial Cell Expression in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Asthma Reveals Four Clinically Distinct Clusters.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- A machine learning and centrifugal microfluidics platform for bedside prediction of sepsis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Beyond immunosuppression: decoding systemic immune dysregulation in ICU-acquired pneumonia.The European respiratory journal · 2025Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections caused by bacterial or viral pathogens are among the most common reasons for seeking medical care. Despite improvements in pathogen-based diagnostics, most patients receive inappropriate antibiotics. Host response biomarkers offer an alternative diagnostic approach to direct antimicrobial use. This observational cohort study determined whether host gene expression patterns discriminate noninfectious from infectious illness and bacterial from viral causes of acute respiratory infection in the acute care setting. Peripheral whole blood gene expression from 273 subjects with community-onset acute respiratory infection (ARI) or noninfectious illness, as well as 44 healthy controls, was measured using microarrays. Sparse logistic regression was used to develop classifiers for bacterial ARI (71 probes), viral ARI (33 probes), or a noninfectious cause of illness (26 probes). Overall accuracy was 87% (238 of 273 concordant with clinical adjudication), which was more accurate than procalcitonin (78%, P < 0.03) and three published classifiers of bacterial versus viral infection (78 to 83%). The classifiers developed here externally validated in five publicly available data sets (AUC, 0.90 to 0.99). A sixth publicly available data set included 25 patients with co-identification of bacterial and viral pathogens. Applying the ARI classifiers defined four distinct groups: a host response to bacterial ARI, viral ARI, coinfection, and neither a bacterial nor a viral response. These findings create an opportunity to develop and use host gene expression classifiers as diagnostic platforms to combat inappropriate antibiotic use and emerging antibiotic resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.