ReviewThe American journal of clinical nutrition2016
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the preterm infant: a case study in developmentally sensitive nutrient needs in the United States.
Review in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Executive summary: evaluation of the evidence to support practice guidelines for nutritional care of preterm infants-the Pre-B Project.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Pooled it
- Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula "Operation Stork Speed" June 2025: Part 1, Nutrient Considerations.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Arachidonic acid as a potentially critical nutrient for vegetarians and vegans - position paper of the Research Institute for Plant-based Nutrition (IFPE).Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Diabetes-preventive molecular mechanisms of breast versus formula feeding: new insights into the impact of milk on stem cell Wnt signaling.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- HAMLET in human milk is resistant to digestion and carries essential free long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid.Food chemistry · 2023Article
- Docosahexaenoic Acid Stability in Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Deuterated Arachidonic Acid Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Damage in Mice.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Nutrition and Brain Development.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
- Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Review
- Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids · 2020Review
- Juniperonic Acid Biosynthesis is Essential inCells · 2020Article
- Iron as a model nutrient for understanding the nutritional origins of neuropsychiatric disease.Pediatric research · 2019Review
- Brown but not white adipose cells synthesize omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid in culture.Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The vast majority of infant formulas in the United States contain the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), which were first permitted by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2001. As a scientific case study, preclinical animal studies of these nutrients definitively influenced the design and interpretation of human clinical studies. Early studies were tied to the availability of test substances, and in hindsight suggest re-evaluation of the essential fatty acid concept in light of the totality of available evidence. Research in the 1950s established the essentiality of n-6 PUFAs for skin integrity; however, widespread recognition of the essentiality of n-3 PUFAs came decades later despite compelling evidence of their significance. Barriers to an understanding of the essentiality of n-3 PUFAs were as follows: 1) their role is in neural function, which is measured only with difficulty compared with skin lesions and growth faltering that are apparent for n-6 PUFAs; 2) the experimental use of vegetable oils as PUFA sources that contain the inefficiently used C18 PUFAs rather than the operative C20 and C22 PUFAs; 3) the shift from reliance on high-quality animal studies to define mechanisms that established the required nutrients in the first part of the 20th century to inherently challenging human studies. Advances in nutrition of premature infants require the best practices and opinions available, taking into account the totality of preclinical and clinical evidence.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.