ArticleBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine2016
Beyond Necrotizing Enterocolitis Prevention: Improving Outcomes with an Exclusive Human Milk-Based Diet.
Article in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 103 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Utilizing Targeted Fortification to Evaluate the Effects of a High Versus Standard Protein Diet on Linear Growth and Body Composition in Infants < 1000 g Birth Weight.
Post-Discharge Growth and Development of Infants Who Received Targeted Fortification (High Versus Standard Protein Diet) in the NICU
TITLE OF STUDY: Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Human Milk-based Human Milk Fortifier in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Limited Versus Extended Trophic Feeding (LET-FEED) Trial
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Human Milk-Derived Versus Bovine Protein-Based Fortifiers for Preterm Infants Fed Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Exclusive human milk diet and mortality before discharge in premature and very low birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Research focus and emerging trends of the gut microbiome and infant: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Short-Term Growth in Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Exclusive Maternal Milk Compared With Exclusive Formula on Growth and Health Outcomes in Very-Low-Birthweight Preterm Infants: Phase II of the Pre-B Project and an Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of donor human milk on the length of hospital stay in very low birthweight infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Morbidity in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.Nutrients · 2018Pooled it
- Donor Human Milk Protects against Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2018Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of human milk intake and retinopathy of prematurity: a significant update.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2016Pooled it
- Effectiveness of structured lactation support and human donor milk banking in German NICUs: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that human milk feeding shapes neonatal immune cell interleukin signaling pathways in a nonrandomized clinical trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Effect of Maternal Diet on Any Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2022Trial
- Nordic study on human milk fortification in extremely preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial-the N-forte trial.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Improved feeding tolerance and growth are linked to increased gut microbial community diversity in very-low-birth-weight infants fed mother's own milk compared with donor breast milk.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Breastfeeding and risk for ceasing in mothers of preterm infants-Long-term follow-up.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Trial
- NEC-Associated Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and the Gut-Lung Axis in Preterm Infants.American journal of perinatology · 2026Review
- Enhancing breastfeeding outcomes in preterm infant: a collaborative approach with dedicated lactation specialists and family engagement.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Comparing necrotizing enterocolitis risk among extremely preterm infants by use of human-milk or bovine-milk-based fortifier.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Exploring human milk donation: A cross-sectional study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to compare outcomes of infants pre and post initiation of a feeding protocol providing an exclusive human milk-based diet (HUM). MATERIALS AND
methodsIn a multicenter retrospective cohort study, infants with a birth weight <1,250 g who received a bovine-based diet (BOV) of mother's own milk fortified with bovine fortifier and/or preterm formula were compared to infants who received a newly introduced HUM feeding protocol. Infants were excluded if they had major congenital anomalies or died in the first 12 hours of life. Data were collected 2-3 years prior to and after introduction of an exclusive HUM diet. Primary outcomes were necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and mortality. Secondary outcomes included late-onset sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
resultsA total of 1,587 infants were included from four centers in Texas, Illinois, Florida, and California. There were no differences in baseline demographics or growth of infants. The HUM group had significantly lower incidence of proven NEC (16.7% versus 6.9%, p < 0.00001), mortality (17.2% versus 13.6%, p = 0.04), late-onset sepsis (30.3% versus 19.0%, p < 0.00001), ROP (9% versus 5.2%, p = 0.003), and BPD (56.3% versus 47.7%, p = 0.0015) compared with the BOV group.
conclusionsExtremely premature infants who received an exclusive HUM diet had a significantly lower incidence of NEC and mortality. The HUM group also had a reduction in late-onset sepsis, BPD, and ROP. This multicenter study further emphasizes the many benefits of an exclusive HUM diet, and demonstrates multiple improved outcomes after implementation of such a feeding protocol.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.