ReviewTrends in neurosciences2016
Computational Psychiatry of ADHD: Neural Gain Impairments across Marrian Levels of Analysis.
Review in Trends in neurosciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Distinct neurobiological alterations during hedonic experience of rewards in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: Multimodal evidence from neuroimaging meta-analyses.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A review on exploration-exploitation trade-off in psychiatric disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacological modulation of directed network communication and neural hubs in action-effect integration.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Perception-Action Integration Is Modulated by the Catecholaminergic System Depending on Learning Experience.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the explore/exploit trade-off.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Intrinsic connections between thalamic sub-regions and the lateral prefrontal cortex are differentially impacted by acute methylphenidate.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Distinct Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Incidental Memory.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation alters directed cortical communication during intentional actions.iScience · 2026Article
- A division of labor in perception-action integration via hierarchical alpha-beta to beta-gamma coupling and local catecholaminergic control.Communications biology · 2026Article
- The Evolving ADHD Phenotype in the Externalizing Context.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Review
- Dopamine modulation of basolateral amygdala activity and function.Journal of computational neuroscience · 2025Article
- Meta-Reinforcement Learning reconciles surprise, value, and control in the anterior cingulate cortex.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Decrease in decision noise from adolescence into adulthood mediates an increase in more sophisticated choice behaviors and performance gain.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Test-retest reliability of reinforcement learning parameters.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Decoding Post-Viral Fatigue: The Basal Ganglia's Complex Role in Long-COVID.Neurology international · 2024Review
- Exploring the steps of learning: computational modeling of initiatory-actions among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Interindividual Differences in Cognitive Variability Are Ubiquitous and Distinct From Mean Performance in a Battery of Eleven Tasks.Journal of cognition · 2024Article
- Deep CANALs: a deep learning approach to refining the canalization theory of psychopathology.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common psychiatric disorders, is characterised by unstable response patterns across multiple cognitive domains. However, the neural mechanisms that explain these characteristic features remain unclear. Using a computational multilevel approach, we propose that ADHD is caused by impaired gain modulation in systems that generate this phenotypic increased behavioural variability. Using Marr's three levels of analysis as a heuristic framework, we focus on this variable behaviour, detail how it can be explained algorithmically, and how it might be implemented at a neural level through catecholamine influences on corticostriatal loops. This computational, multilevel, approach to ADHD provides a framework for bridging gaps between descriptions of neuronal activity and behaviour, and provides testable predictions about impaired mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.