ArticleNucleic acids research2016
Phase variation of a Type IIG restriction-modification enzyme alters site-specific methylation patterns and gene expression in Campylobacter jejuni strain NCTC11168.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Type I restriction-modification systems regulate gene expression through DNA topology.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Lineage-associated differences in adenine methylation patterns of mammalian-associatedMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Comparative genomics and methylome profiling ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Phase variation inEngineering microbiology · 2026Article
- How to Unmask an Unknown: The Restriction-Modification SystemInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Epigenetic regulation in prokaryotes: transcriptional and phenotypic outcomes of DNA methyltransferase activity.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- The Gut Microbiome and Epigenomic Reprogramming: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Implications for Human Health and Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative and functional genomic analysis of foreign DNA defense mechanisms inMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Understanding prokaryotic adaptation through advanced DNA methylation detection techniques.The ISME journal · 2025Review
- AamA-mediated epigenetic control of genome-wide gene expression and phenotypic traits inMicrobial genomics · 2023Article
- Species Delineation and Comparative Genomics within theJournal of clinical microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Systematic identification of gene-altering programmed inversions across the bacterial domain.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Bacterial DNA methyltransferase: A key to the epigenetic world with lessons learned from proteobacteria.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- DNA Methylation in Prokaryotes.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Article
- Perspectives and Benefits of High-Throughput Long-Read Sequencing in Microbial Ecology.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2021Review
- Article
- No Change, No Life? What We Know about Phase Variation inMicroorganisms · 2021Review
- Phase Variation During Host Colonization and Invasion byFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Developing Innolysins AgainstFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Phase-variable restriction-modification systems are a feature of a diverse range of bacterial species. Stochastic, reversible switches in expression of the methyltransferase produces variation in methylation of specific sequences. Phase-variable methylation by both Type I and Type III methyltransferases is associated with altered gene expression and phenotypic variation. One phase-variable gene of Campylobacter jejuni encodes a homologue of an unusual Type IIG restriction-modification system in which the endonuclease and methyltransferase are encoded by a single gene. Using both inhibition of restriction and PacBio-derived methylome analyses of mutants and phase-variants, the cj0031c allele in C. jejuni strain NCTC11168 was demonstrated to specifically methylate adenine in 5'CCCGA and 5'CCTGA sequences. Alterations in the levels of specific transcripts were detected using RNA-Seq in phase-variants and mutants of cj0031c but these changes did not correlate with observed differences in phenotypic behaviour. Alterations in restriction of phage growth were also associated with phase variation (PV) of cj0031c and correlated with presence of sites in the genomes of these phages. We conclude that PV of a Type IIG restriction-modification system causes changes in site-specific methylation patterns and gene expression patterns that may indirectly change adaptive traits.
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