ReviewGlobal cardiology science & practice2015
Inhaled nano- and microparticles for drug delivery.
Review in Global cardiology science & practice, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pulmonary Drug Delivery in the Era of Nanomedicine: From Biological Barriers to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Optimization.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mucopenetrative Lipid-Polymer nanoparticles show Potent Anti-Inflammatory activity in a human Lung-on-Chip model.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Inhalable Nanosystems for Bacterial Respiratory Infections: Addressing Pulmonary Barriers and Biofilm-Associated Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Biomaterials in personalized drug delivery: innovations, challenges, and future directions.PeerJ · 2026Review
- Nanocarrier-Enabled siRNA Therapy for Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pharmacological Rationale, Delivery Barriers, and Translational Opportunities.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Advanced Multiscale Inhalation Platforms for Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Advances in Inhaled Nanoparticle Drug Delivery for Pulmonary Disease Management.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Micro and Nano Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Oral Mucositis: A Review.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Comparative Evaluation of Gelatin and HPMC Inhalation Capsule Shells Exposed to Simulated Humidity Conditions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Diseases: Insights into the Therapeutic Innovations for Pulmonary Administration.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Inhalable biohybrid microrobots: a non-invasive approach for lung treatment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Innovative Microencapsulation of Polymyxin B for Enhanced Antimicrobial Efficacy via Coated Spray Drying.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Engineered nanocarriers for targeted lung cancer therapy: mechanistic innovations and recent clinical progress.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Targeting Multiple Pathophysiological Axes in COPD: Nanomaterial Advances.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Advances in nanomaterials for precision drug delivery: Insights into pharmacokinetics and toxicity.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Review
- Induction of protective immune responses at respiratory mucosal sites.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Impact of Nebulization on the Physicochemical Properties of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Pulmonary inhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations.Materials today. Bio · 2024Review
- Inhalation Dosage Forms: A Focus on Dry Powder Inhalers and Their Advancements.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Tuning the Emulsion Properties Influences the Size of Poly(Caprolactone) Particles for Drug Delivery Applications.The AAPS journal · 2023Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 21st century has seen a paradigm shift to inhaled therapy, for both systemic and local drug delivery, due to the lung's favourable properties of a large surface area and high permeability. Pulmonary drug delivery possesses many advantages, including non-invasive route of administration, low metabolic activity, control environment for systemic absorption and avoids first bypass metabolism. However, because the lung is one of the major ports of entry, it has multiple clearance mechanisms, which prevent foreign particles from entering the body. Although these clearance mechanisms maintain the sterility of the lung, clearance mechanisms can also act as barriers to the therapeutic effectiveness of inhaled drugs. This effectiveness is also influenced by the deposition site and delivered dose. Particulate-based drug delivery systems have emerged as an innovative and promising alternative to conventional inhaled drugs to circumvent pulmonary clearance mechanisms and provide enhanced therapeutic efficiency and controlled drug release. The principle of multiple pulmonary clearance mechanisms is reviewed, including mucociliary, alveolar macrophages, absorptive, and metabolic degradation. This review also discusses the current approaches and formulations developed to achieve optimal pulmonary drug delivery systems.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.