ArticleFrontiers in oncology2015
Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of the Estrogenic and Proliferative Properties of Vitamin E Compounds.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Melatonin and Vitamins as Protectors against the Reproductive Toxicity of Bisphenols: Which Is the Most Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women-A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Nutrient Intake and Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Antiproliferative Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on Colorectal Cancer Cells Overexpressing the Estrogen Receptor β.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Natural strategies to optimize estrogen levels in aging women: mini review.Frontiers in aging · 2025Review
- An Update on Tamoxifen and the Chemo-Preventive Potential of Vitamin E in Breast Cancer Management.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Tocotrienol Supplementation Led to Higher Serum Levels of Lysophospholipids but Lower Acylcarnitines in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Vitamins and Uterine Fibroids: Current Data on Pathophysiology and Possible Clinical Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Vitamin E and cancer: an update on the emerging role of γ and δ tocotrienols.European journal of nutrition · 2020Review
- Effect of vitamin E supplementation on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats: a prelimary study.F1000Research · 2020Article
- δ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis, involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, and paraptosis in prostate cancer cells.Cell proliferation · 2019Article
- Therapeutic potential of natural plant products and their metabolites in preventing radiation enteropathy resulting from abdominal or pelvic irradiation.International journal of radiation biology · 2019Review
- Bryonolic Acid Blocks Cancer Cell Clonogenicity and Invasiveness through the Inhibition of Fatty Acid: Cholesteryl Ester Formation.Biomedicines · 2018Article
- Alpha-Tocopherol Serum Levels Are Increased in Caucasian Women with Uterine Fibroids: A Pilot Study.BioMed research international · 2018Article
- Dendrogenin A drives LXR to trigger lethal autophagy in cancers.Nature communications · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tocols are vitamin E compounds that include tocopherols (TPs) and tocotrienols (TTs). These lipophilic compounds are phenolic antioxidants and are reportedly able to modulate estrogen receptor β (ERβ). We investigated the molecular determinants that control their estrogenicity and effects on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Docking experiments highlighted the importance of the tocol phenolic groups for their interaction with the ERs. Binding experiments confirmed that they directly interact with both ERα and ERβ with their isoforms showing potencies in the following order: δ-tocols > γ-tocols > α-tocols. We also found that tocols activated the transcription of an estrogen-responsive reporter gene that had been stably transfected into cells expressing either ERα or ERβ. The role of the phenolic group in tocol-ER interaction was further established using δ-tocopherylquinone, the oxidized form of δ-TP, which had no ER affinity and did not induce ER-dependent transcriptional modulation. Tocol activity also required the AF1 transactivation domain of ER. We found that both δ-TP and δ-TT stimulated the expression of endogenous ER-dependent genes. However, whereas δ-TP induced the proliferation of ER-positive breast cancer cells but not ER-negative breast cancer cells, δ-TT inhibited the proliferation of both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cells. These effects of δ-TT were found to act through the down regulation of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity, establishing that ERs are not involved in this effect. Altogether, these data show that the reduced form of δ-TP has estrogenic properties which are lost when it is oxidized, highlighting the importance of the redox status in its estrogenicity. Moreover, we have shown that δ-TT has antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells independently of their ER status through the inhibition of HMGR. These data clearly show that TPs can be discriminated from TTs according to their structure.
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