ReviewFrontiers in immunology2015
The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 269 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
269 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 441 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Exposure to Bisphenols, Parabens, and Benzophenones, and Its Relationship with the Inflammatory Response: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of flaxseed supplementation on sex hormone profile in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients.Biology of sex differences · 2020Trial
- 'My HS is significantly impacted by my cycle': a cross-sectional study exploring the impact of menstruation and pregnancy on hidradenitis suppurativa.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: Challenges of Immune Protection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Thyroid Peroxidase and its Gene Variants as Diagnostic Markers in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Evidence from a Duhok Case-Control Study.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Drug-associated cytokine release syndrome: a FAERS pharmacovigilance study with complementary transcriptomic analysis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Postpartum breast cancer as a distinct oncologic entity: linking physiological tissue remodelling to tumor biology and clinical translation.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
- The inhibitors of 17β-HSD10: are they any good?RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- Impact of Menopause and Clinical Considerations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the renal T cell profile in DOCA-salt hypertension are independent of MR activation and increases in blood pressure.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Article
- The Metabolic Calibration of Female Immune Plasticity: From X-Linked Vulnerability to Precision Metabotyping.Biology · 2026Review
- Host Factors Potentially Contributing to Increased Susceptibility in Certain Layer Chicken Lines.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Inflammatory, clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with depressive disorder during pregnancy in Brazilian women.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A mother's touch: microbial guardians of early immune imprinting.Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Vitamin D Modulates Humoral Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: An Endocrine-Immune Perspective Supported by Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Mechanistic interplay between extracellular vesicles and neutrophil extracellular traps: unveiling the "sterile inflammation" cascade in obesity-induced diabetes progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
209 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates remarkable sex differences. Although the reasons for sex differences in immune responses are not precisely understood, it potentially involves differences in sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and differential sex hormone receptor-mediated events), X-chromosomes, microbiome, epigenetics among others. Overall, females tend to have more responsive and robust immune system compared to their male counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that females respond more aggressively to self-antigens and are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases. Female hormone (estrogen or 17β-estradiol) can potentially act on all cellular subsets of the immune system through estrogen receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This minireview highlights differential expression of estrogen receptors on immune cells, major estrogen-mediated signaling pathways, and their effect on immune cells. Since estrogen has varied effects in female-predominant autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, we will mechanistically postulate the potential differential role of estrogen in these chronic debilitating diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.