ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2016
Human Milk Components Modulate Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammation.
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-exclusive breastfeeding is associated with pneumonia and asthma in under-five children: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Precision synbiotic intervention with 2'-fucosyllactose and infant-derivedFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Infants Fed Breastmilk or 2'-FL Supplemented Formula Have Similar Systemic Levels of Microbiota-Derived Secondary Bile Acids.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Maternal Vitamin D Status Correlates to Leukocyte Antigenic Responses in Breastfeeding Infants.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Human milk oligosaccharides and their association with late-onset neonatal sepsis in Peruvian very-low-birth-weight infants.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Whey Proteins and Immunity: Mechanisms Underlying Immune System Reinforcement and Protection Against Viral and Bacterial Infections.Nutrients · 2026Review
- De novo sequencing of glycans by ion mobility-mass spectrometry using a self-expanding database.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The microbiome's hidden influence: preclinical insights into inflammatory responses in necrotizing enterocolitis.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Supplementation of 2'-Fucosyllactose in Formula-Fed Infants Has Potential Benefits to Reduce the Risks of Infantile Colic and Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy.Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Omega-3, Omega-6, and Endocannabinoid Content of Human, Cattle, Goat, and Formula Milk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The direct and indirect inhibition of proinflammatory adipose tissue macrophages by acarbose in diet-induced obesity.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a Potential Therapeutic Target.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- The potential immunomodulatory role of human milk oligosaccharides in prevention of viral infections and development of asthma in early life.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- 2'-Fucosyllactose as a prebiotic modulates the probiotic responses ofCurrent research in food science · 2025Article
- Network-Based Bioinformatics Highlights Broad Importance of Human Milk Hyaluronan.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Adipose Tissue Macrophages of the Human Fetus.Cells · 2024Article
- Recent advances of 3-fucosyllactose in health effects and production.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Data-independent LC-MS/MS analysis of ME/CFS plasma reveals a dysregulated coagulation system, endothelial dysfunction, downregulation of complement machinery.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- Exploring the Role of Lactoferrin in Managing Allergic Airway Diseases among Children: Unrevealing a Potential Breakthrough.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Human milk affects TLR4 activation and LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is central to innate immunity. Aberrant expression of TLRs is found in neonatal inflammatory diseases. Several bioactive components of human milk modulate TLR expression and signaling pathways, including soluble toll-like receptors (sTLRs), soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD) 14, glycoproteins, small peptides, and oligosaccharides. Some milk components, such as sialyl (α2,3) lactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose III, are reported to increase TLR signaling; under some circumstances this might contribute toward immunologic balance. Human milk on the whole is strongly anti-inflammatory, and contains abundant components that depress TLR signaling pathways: sTLR2 and sCD14 inhibit TLR2 signaling; sCD14, lactadherin, lactoferrin, and 2'-fucosyllactose attenuate TLR4 signaling; 3'-galactosyllactose inhibits TLR3 signaling, and β-defensin 2 inhibits TLR7 signaling. Feeding human milk to neonates decreases their risk of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Thus, the TLR regulatory components found in human milk hold promise as benign oral prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for the many gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders mediated by abnormal TLR signaling.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.