ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2016
Essential Nutrient Interactions: Does Low or Suboptimal Magnesium Status Interact with Vitamin D and/or Calcium Status?
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of magnesium and vitamin D/E co-supplementation on inflammation markers and lipid metabolism of obese/overweight population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Guideline
- The Association of Gut Microbiota With TRPM7 Genotype, Colorectal Polyps, and Magnesium.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Trial
- Magnesium treatment on methylation changes of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2).Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2021Trial
- Randomized Study of the Effects of Vitamin D and Magnesium Co-Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Function, Body Composition, and Inflammation in Vitamin D-Deficient Middle-Aged Women.Biological trace element research · 2021Trial
- Magnesium and imidazole propionate.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2021Trial
- Vitamin D, Marine n-3 Fatty Acids, and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Current Evidence.Circulation research · 2020Trial
- Ca:Mg Ratio, APOE Cytosine Modifications, and Cognitive Function: Results from a Randomized Trial.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Trial
- Calcium: magnesium intake ratio and colorectal carcinogenesis, results from the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.British journal of cancer · 2019Trial
- Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Delayed recognition of hypomagnesemia causing refractory Hypocalcemia after Reoperative neck surgery in a resource-limited setting. a case report.Oxford medical case reports · 2026Article
- Nutritional Factors Affecting Magnesium Bioavailability: A Narrative Review.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Depleted before the dose: the mitochondrial vulnerability threshold hypothesis for fluoroquinolone-associated multisystem toxicity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Vitamin D and exercise in obesity: a neurovascular-muscle axis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Nutrients and bioactive compounds in polycystic ovary syndrome: updated insights into effects and underlying mechanisms.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Influence of Magnesium Status on the Association of Tobacco Exposure With Depression in Old Patients With Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study of the NHANES Database.Cardiovascular therapeutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Dietary Calcium to Magnesium Ratio and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Review
- Iron Metabolism, Calcium, Magnesium and Trace Elements: A Review.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although much is known about magnesium, its interactions with calcium and vitamin D are less well studied. Magnesium intake is low in populations who consume modern processed-food diets. Low magnesium intake is associated with chronic diseases of global concern [e.g., cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and skeletal disorders], as is low vitamin D status. No simple, reliable biomarker for whole-body magnesium status is currently available, which makes clinical assessment and interpretation of human magnesium research difficult. Between 1977 and 2012, US calcium intakes increased at a rate 2-2.5 times that of magnesium intakes, resulting in a dietary calcium to magnesium intake ratio of >3.0. Calcium to magnesium ratios <1.7 and >2.8 can be detrimental, and optimal ratios may be ∼2.0. Background calcium to magnesium ratios can affect studies of either mineral alone. For example, US studies (background Ca:Mg >3.0) showed benefits of high dietary or supplemental magnesium for CVD, whereas similar Chinese studies (background Ca:Mg <1.7) showed increased risks of CVD. Oral vitamin D is widely recommended in US age-sex groups with low dietary magnesium. Magnesium is a cofactor for vitamin D biosynthesis, transport, and activation; and vitamin D and magnesium studies both showed associations with several of the same chronic diseases. Research on possible magnesium and vitamin D interactions in these human diseases is currently rare. Increasing calcium to magnesium intake ratios, coupled with calcium and vitamin D supplementation coincident with suboptimal magnesium intakes, may have unknown health implications. Interactions of low magnesium status with calcium and vitamin D, especially during supplementation, require further study.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.