Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26773004›Full record

ArticleGenes & development2016

Combined deletion of cathepsin protease family members reveals compensatory mechanisms in cancer.

Leila Akkari, Vasilena Gocheva, Marsha L Quick, Jemila C Kester, Alison K Spencer, Alfred L Garfall, Robert L Bowman, Johanna A Joyce

Open access · diamondAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genes & development, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Cathepsin Z/X: Breaking Down the Known and Unknown.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Leila AkkariCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Vasilena GochevaCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Marsha L QuickCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Jemila C KesterCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Alison K SpencerCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Alfred L GarfallCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Robert L BowmanCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
Johanna A JoyceCancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · USLudwig Cancer Research · CHUniversity of Lausanne · CH

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Nicholas D Socci · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
The Roles of Microglia and Macrophage Populations in the Glioma MicroenvironmentF31CA167863 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI BOWMAN, ROBERT LYLE · 2012 to 2015
$170k
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCI NIH HHS 5F31CA167863-04NCI NIH HHS F31 CA167863NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Proteases are important for regulating multiple tumorigenic processes, including angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasion. Elevated protease expression is associated with poor patient prognosis across numerous tumor types. Several multigene protease families have been implicated in cancer, including cysteine cathepsins. However, whether individual family members have unique roles or are functionally redundant remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate stage-dependent effects of simultaneously deleting cathepsin B (CtsB) and CtsS in a murine pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor model. Early in tumorigenesis, the double knockout results in an additive reduction in angiogenic switching, whereas at late stages, several tumorigenic phenotypes are unexpectedly restored to wild-type levels. We identified CtsZ, which is predominantly supplied by tumor-associated macrophages, as the compensatory protease that regulates the acquired tumor-promoting functions of lesions deficient in both CtsB and CtsS. Thus, deletion of multiple cathepsins can lead to stage-dependent, compensatory mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment, which has potential implications for the clinical consideration of selective versus pan-family cathepsin inhibitors in cancer.

Indexed as

Gene DeletionAnimalsApoptosisCarcinogenesisCarcinoma, NeuroendocrineCathepsinsDisease Models, AnimalGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGene Knockout TechniquesMacrophagesMiceMice, Inbred C57BLNeoplasm InvasivenessNeovascularization, PathologicPancreatic NeoplasmsCathepsinsinvasionmacrophagetumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID26773004
PMCPMC4719311
OpenAlexW2258907328

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.