ReviewPharmacological reviews2016
Sex Differences in Animal Models: Focus on Addiction.
Review in Pharmacological reviews, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 479 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
479 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Tendinopathy: sex bias starts from the preclinical development of tendon treatments. A systematic review.Biology of sex differences · 2022Pooled it
- Polysubstance use patterns and risk behaviors among people with cocaine use disorder.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Nucleus accumbens CD81 regulates methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity, conditioned reward, and reinstatement in male and female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors contribute to the accelerated development of enhanced motivation for cocaine in female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- Craving mediates the association between affect and substance use in daily life among individuals with substance use disorders.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Conditioned accumbal dopamine transients forecast individual preference for drug versus natural rewards and compulsive behavior.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Maternal control during prenatal oxycodone exposure: differential effects of voluntary versus involuntary self-administration on offspring substance use vulnerability in rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Cocaine Hijacks the Npas4-dependent Somatostatin Ensembles in the mPFC to Mediate Attention.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Impact of Circulating Estrogen and Mild Systemic Dehydration on Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Female Rats.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Chronic ethanol self-administration alters dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen of rhesus macaques in a sex-dependent manner.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Differences between males and females in psychostimulant/sucrose self-administration (when observed) may not necessarily be driven by biological sex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The actions of morphine on microglia and the underlying effects on associated adverse effects.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex chromosome genes contribute to cocaine vulnerability in a strain-dependent manner.Research square · 2026Article
- Effects of Tai Chi on attentional bias in men with methamphetamine use disorder.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- The role of nucleus accumbens Fos expression in sex-dependent cocaine-induced locomotion, cocaine self-administration, and primed cocaine seeking in rats.Behavioural brain research · 2026Article
- Cortical thickness, surface area, and multisite pain: distinct patterns by sex in adolescence.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of repeated nalfurafine and VZTK35 treatments on fentanyl/cocaine mixture self-administration in a rat drug-vs.-food choice procedure.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
419 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have excellent face and construct validity, to illustrate the importance of considering sex differences. There are four types of sex differences: qualitative, quantitative, population, and mechanistic. A better understanding of the ways males and females can differ will help scientists design experiments to characterize better the presence or absence of sex differences in new phenomena that they are investigating. We have outlined major quantitative, population, and mechanistic sex differences in the addiction domain using a heuristic framework of the three established stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. Female rats, in general, acquire the self-administration of drugs and alcohol more rapidly, escalate their drug taking with extended access more rapidly, show more motivational withdrawal, and (where tested in animal models of "craving") show greater reinstatement. The one exception is that female rats show less motivational withdrawal to alcohol. The bases for these quantitative sex differences appear to be both organizational, in that estradiol-treated neonatal animals show the male phenotype, and activational, in that the female phenotype depends on the effects of gonadal hormones. In animals, differences within the estrous cycle can be observed but are relatively minor. Such hormonal effects seem to be most prevalent during the acquisition of drug taking and less influential once compulsive drug taking is established and are linked largely to progesterone and estradiol. This review emphasizes not only significant differences in the phenotypes of females and males in the domain of addiction but emphasizes the paucity of data to date in our understanding of those differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.