ReviewJournal of immunology research2015
Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks.
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Septic Shock to Hemorrhagic Shock: A Rare Presentation of Ischemic Rectal Ulcer in a Critically Ill Patient.Cureus · 2026Article
- Animal models of critical illness in the Asia-Pacific region: current practices, shared challenges, and future directions.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2026Review
- Kidney-Lung Crosstalk in Acute Nephrologic Involvement: Mechanisms, Complement Activation, and Implications for Multiorgan Dysfunction.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of ischemic pre-conditioning on electrically stimulated contractions.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- Urinary peptides provide information about the risk of mortality across a spectrum of diseases and scenarios.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Retinal Vein Occlusion after COVID-19 Vaccination-A Review.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Central retinal vein occlusion post ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination - can it be explained by the two-hit hypothesis?Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2022Article
- Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Rat Neutrophils Shows the Effect of Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion and Preconditioning on Kinases and Phosphatases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Sepsis-Induced T Cell Immunoparalysis: The Ins and Outs of Impaired T Cell Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Review
- A Timely Shift from Shotgun to Targeted Proteomics and How It Can Be Groundbreaking for Cancer Research.Frontiers in oncology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible and intuitive framework that explains some of the most frequent clinical outcomes seen in injuries like trauma and sepsis. This model states that a first hit serves as a priming event upon which sequential insults can build on, culminating on maladaptive inflammatory responses. On a different front, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has risen to light as a readily applicable tool for modulating the inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion. The idea is that mild ischemic insults, either remote or local, can cause organs and tissues to be more resilient to further ischemic insults. This seemingly contradictory role that the two models attribute to a first inflammatory hit, as priming in the former and protective in the latter, has set these two theories on opposing corners of the literature. The present review tries to reconcile both models by showing that, rather than debunking each other, each framework offers unique insights in understanding and modulating inflammation-related injuries.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.