ArticleInternational journal of geriatric psychiatry2016
Racial and ethnic differences in cognitive function among older adults in the USA.
Article in International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Cognition in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Control Trial.Journal of diabetes research · 2019Trial
- Personality trait and state associations with cognitive functioning and variability in middle-aged and older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Dementia in Advanced Kidney Disease by Race and Ethnicity and Neighborhood Factors.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- The Timing of Police Encounters in Adolescence and Adult Cognitive Function: Heterogeneity by Race/Ethnicity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in healthy aging among U.S. Latinos: a dual functionality perspective.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Social network structure and composition predicting cognitive impairment: racial/ethnic differences among older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic risk mediates the association between perceived stress and learning and memory similarly among Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic White individuals.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2026Observational
- Neighborhood Disadvantage, Functional Difficulty, and Cognitive Decline among Older Mexican Americans.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Early-Life Parental Affection, Social Relationships in Adulthood, and Later-Life Cognitive Function.Journal of aging and health · 2026Article
- Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke: A 25-year longitudinal analysis of U.S. mortality trends.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Ethnic Disparities in Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Snapshot of Metro-Detroit.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Epigenetic clocks of biological aging and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Depressive Symptoms Affect Cognitive Functioning from Middle to Late Adulthood: Ethnoracial Minorities Experience Greater Repercussions.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Chronic Diseases by Cognitive Function Level and Age Group Among Middle-Aged and Older Korean Adults.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2025Article
- Exploring the Moderation Effects of Race on the Relationship Among Sex Hormones, Biomarkers, and Psychological Symptoms in Female Older Adults.Clinical nursing research · 2025Article
- Disparities in the Life Course Origins of Dual Functionality.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- The effect of birthweight and gestational age on cognitive function in midlife: the Bogalusa heart study.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- The Association of Vision and Hearing Impairment on Cognitive Function and Loneliness: Evidence From the Mexican Health and Aging Study.Journal of aging and health · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Community Belonging and its Impact on Cognitive Function in Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveExamine differences in cognition between Hispanic, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic white (NHW) older adults in the United States. DATA/
methodsThe final sample includes 18 982 participants aged 51 or older who received a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status during the 2010 Health and Retirement Study follow-up. Ordinary least squares will be used to examine differences in overall cognition according to race/ethnicity.
resultsHispanics and NHB had lower cognition than NHW for all age groups (51-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80+). Hispanics had higher cognition than NHB for all age groups but these differences were all within one point. The lower cognition among NHB compared to NHW remained significant after controlling for age, gender, and education, whereas the differences in cognition between Hispanics and NHW were no longer significant after controlling for these covariates. Cognitive scores increased with greater educational attainment for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics exhibited the least benefit. DISCUSSION: Our results highlight the role of education in race/ethnic differences in cognitive function during old age. Education seems beneficial for cognition in old age for all race/ethnic groups, but Hispanics appear to receive a lower benefit compared to other race/ethnic groups. Further research is needed on the racial and ethnic differences in the pathways of the benefits of educational attainment for late-life cognitive function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.