ArticleHealth economics2016
Using Top-down and Bottom-up Costing Approaches in LMICs: The Case for Using Both to Assess the Incremental Costs of New Technologies at Scale.
Article in Health economics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Costs of surgeries in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review.BMJ global health · 2026Pooled it
- Health technology assessment to support health benefits package design: a systematic review of economic evaluation evidence in Zambia.BMC health services research · 2024Pooled it
- Cost of treating severe malaria in children in Africa: a systematic literature review.Malaria journal · 2024Pooled it
- Participatory learning and action cycles with women's groups to prevent neonatal death in low-resource settings: A multi-country comparison of cost-effectiveness and affordability.Health policy and planning · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Methodological Variation in Healthcare Provider Perspective Tuberculosis Costing Papers Conducted in Low- and Middle-Income Settings, Using An Intervention-Standardised Unit Cost Typology.PharmacoEconomics · 2020Pooled it
- Costs of treating childhood malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia in rural Mozambique and Uganda.Malaria journal · 2022Trial
- Cost of community-led larval source management and house improvement for malaria control: a cost analysis within a cluster-randomized trial in a rural district in Malawi.Malaria journal · 2021Trial
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of reactive, targeted indoor residual spraying for malaria control in low-transmission settings: a cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial in South Africa.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Provider- and patient-level costs associated with providing antiretroviral therapy during the postpartum phase to women living with HIV in South Africa: A cost comparison of three postpartum models of care.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2020Trial
- Cost of point-of-care lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan antigen testing in HIV-positive adults in South Africa.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2018Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculosis diagnosis in South Africa: a real-world cost analysis and economic evaluation.The Lancet. Global health · 2017Trial
- Economic burden of typhoid among hospitalised children in Kenya.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- ITARA research programme: Investigating Integrated Tuberculosis And Respiratory care in Africa using transdisciplinary methods.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Point-of-care core needle biopsy pathway for early diagnosis of lymph node masses: comparative costing of a scalable pathway.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Health-Service Costs for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant/Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in South African Children: Application of a Real-World Dataset.PharmacoEconomics · 2026Article
- An Introduction to Costing and the Types of Costs Used within Health Economic Studies.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2025Review
- Healthcare use and costs of perinatal anxiety: a UK NHS perspective.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Economic burden and quality of life caused by non-hodgkin lymphoma cancer in Iran.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of adding measurement of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and serology to trachoma prevalence surveys in Tanzania and Mozambique.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Costs of delivering COVID-19 vaccine in Botswana during the height of the pandemic: a retrospective study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeEstimating the incremental costs of scaling-up novel technologies in low-income and middle-income countries is a methodologically challenging and substantial empirical undertaking, in the absence of routine cost data collection. We demonstrate a best practice pragmatic approach to estimate the incremental costs of new technologies in low-income and middle-income countries, using the example of costing the scale-up of Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to riframpicin (RIF) in South Africa. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe estimate costs, by applying two distinct approaches of bottom-up and top-down costing, together with an assessment of processes and capacity.
resultsThe unit costs measured using the different methods of bottom-up and top-down costing, respectively, are $US16.9 and $US33.5 for Xpert MTB/RIF, and $US6.3 and $US8.5 for microscopy. The incremental cost of Xpert MTB/RIF is estimated to be between $US14.7 and $US17.7. While the average cost of Xpert MTB/RIF was higher than previous studies using standard methods, the incremental cost of Xpert MTB/RIF was found to be lower.
conclusionCosts estimates are highly dependent on the method used, so an approach, which clearly identifies resource-use data collected from a bottom-up or top-down perspective, together with capacity measurement, is recommended as a pragmatic approach to capture true incremental cost where routine cost data are scarce.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.