ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2016
Childbirth and consequent atopic disease: emerging evidence on epigenetic effects based on the hygiene and EPIIC hypotheses.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Routine vaginal examinations compared to other methods for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Offspring Born through Elective or Non-elective Caesarean Section in Comparison to Vaginal Delivery: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Current diabetes reports · 2019Pooled it
- A microbial symphony: a literature review of the factors that orchestrate the colonization dynamics of the human colonic microbiome during infancy and implications for future health.Microbiome research reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Changes in DNA methylation associated with a specific mode of delivery: a pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Nutri-Epigenetics and Gut Microbiota: How Birth Care, Bonding and Breastfeeding Can Influence and Be Influenced?International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Caesarean delivery is associated with higher risk of overweight in the offspring: within-family analysis in the SUN cohort.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2020Article
- Lifelines NEXT: a prospective birth cohort adding the next generation to the three-generation Lifelines cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Caesarean delivery, immune function and inflammation in early life among Ecuadorian infants and young children.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2019Article
- Inter-institutional variations in oxytocin augmentation during labour in German university hospitals: a national survey.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Observational
- Parturition and the perinatal period: can mode of delivery impact on the future health of the neonate?The Journal of physiology · 2018Review
- The effect of medical and operative birth interventions on child health outcomes in the first 28 days and up to 5 years of age: A linked data population-based cohort study.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn most high and middle income countries across the world, at least 1:4 women give birth by cesarean section. Rates of labour induction and augmentation are rising steeply; and in some countries up to 50% of laboring women and newborns are given antibiotics. Governments and international agencies are increasingly concerned about the clinical, economic and psychosocial effects of these interventions. DISCUSSION: There is emerging evidence that certain intrapartum and early neonatal interventions might affect the neonatal immune response in the longer term, and perhaps trans-generationally. Two theories lead the debate in this area. Those aligned with the hygiene (or 'Old Friends') hypothesis have examined the effect of gut microbiome colonization secondary to mode of birth and intrapartum/neonatal pharmacological interventions on immune response and epigenetic phenomena. Those working with the EPIIC (Epigenetic Impact of Childbirth) hypothesis are concerned with the effects of eustress and dys-stress on the epigenome, secondary to mode of birth and labour interventions. This paper examines the current and emerging findings relating to childbirth and atopic/autoimmune disease from the perspective of both theories, and proposes an alliance of research effort. This is likely to accelerate the discovery of important findings arising from both approaches, and to maximize the timely understanding of the longer-term consequences of childbirth practices.
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Registered trials
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