ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology2016
A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans.
Review in Critical reviews in toxicology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Childhood PFAS exposure and immunotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposure and Risk of Kidney, Liver, and Testicular Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.La Medicina del lavoro · 2023Pooled it
- Association Between Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- A Review on Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Its Selected Short-Chain Analogs-Perfluorohexanoic Acid and Perfluorobutanoic Acid.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and development of autoimmunity in humans and animals: a scoping review.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations and anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels following COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional study in three communities with elevated PFAS exposure.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Increasing PFAS concentrations in human serum correlate with elevated blood lipid levels.Environmental science. Advances · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence to investigate metabolomics data for precision medicine.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Review
- Mitigating PFAS contamination in the United States: assessing the impact of California's legislation from 2018 to 2022 on drinking water quality.Journal of public health policy · 2025Review
- Review
- Structural and Quantitative Analysis of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Para-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) by Direct Analysis in Real Time Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry (DART-IM-MS).Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals tissue-specific transcriptomic changes induced by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).Journal of hazardous materials · 2025Article
- Review
- Associations of PFAS and OH-PCBs with risk of multiple sclerosis onset and disability worsening.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A prospective cohort study of persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals and perceived stress.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances alter innate immune function: evidence and data gaps.Journal of immunotoxicology · 2024Review
- Binary and quaternary mixtures of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) differentially affect the immune response to influenza A virus infection.Journal of immunotoxicology · 2024Article
- Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and respiratory health in an Inuit community.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Occurrence of COVID-19 and serumGlobal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Whether perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), two widely used and biopersistent synthetic chemicals, are immunotoxic in humans is unclear. Accordingly, this article systematically and critically reviews the epidemiologic evidence on the association between exposure to PFOA and PFOS and various immune-related health conditions in humans. Twenty-four epidemiologic studies have reported associations of PFOA and/or PFOS with immune-related health conditions, including ten studies of immune biomarker levels or gene expression patterns, ten studies of atopic or allergic disorders, five studies of infectious diseases, four studies of vaccine responses, and five studies of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions (with several studies evaluating multiple endpoints). Asthma, the most commonly studied condition, was evaluated in seven studies. With few, often methodologically limited studies of any particular health condition, generally inconsistent results, and an inability to exclude confounding, bias, or chance as an explanation for observed associations, the available epidemiologic evidence is insufficient to reach a conclusion about a causal relationship between exposure to PFOA and PFOS and any immune-related health condition in humans. When interpreting such studies, an immunodeficiency should not be presumed to exist when there is no evidence of a clinical abnormality. Large, prospective studies with repeated exposure assessment in independent populations are needed to confirm some suggestive associations with certain endpoints.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.