ArticlePsychopharmacology2016
The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Abuse Potential of Novel Synthetic Phencyclidine Derivative 1-(1-(4-Fluorophenyl)Cyclohexyl)Piperidine (4'-F-PCP) in Rodents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo, new dissociative drugs, produce rewarding and reinforcing effects through activation of mesolimbic dopamine pathway and alteration of accumbal CREB, deltaFosB, and BDNF levels.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2019Review
- Pharmacological characterizations of the 'legal high' fluorolintane and isomers.European journal of pharmacology · 2019Article
- (R)-Ketamine exerts antidepressant actions partly via conversion to (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, while causing adverse effects at sub-anaesthetic doses.British journal of pharmacology · 2019Article
- Phencyclidine-like in vivo effects of methoxetamine in mice and rats.Neuropharmacology · 2018Article
- Effects of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists ketamine, methoxetamine, and phencyclidine on the odor span test of working memory in rats.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2018Review
- Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats.British journal of pharmacology · 2017Article
- Effects of the psychotomimetic benzomorphan N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10,047) on prepulse inhibition of startle in mice.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2016Article
- Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleMethoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that MXE has high affinity for the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site located within the channel pore of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but little is known about its behavioral effects. Dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and PCP produce a characteristic behavioral profile in rats that includes locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle.
methodsThe goal of the present investigation was to determine whether MXE produces PCP-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats using the PPI paradigm and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which enables analyses of patterns of locomotor activity and investigatory behavior. PPI studies were conducted with several other uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists that produce dissociative effects in humans, including PCP, the S-(+) and R-(-) isomers of ketamine, and N-allylnormetazocine (NANM; SKF-10,047).
resultsMXE disrupted PPI when administered at 3 and 10 mg/kg SC. The rank order of potency of MXE and the other test compounds in the PPI paradigm (PCP > MXE > S-(+)-ketamine > NANM > R-(-)-ketamine) parallels their affinities for the PCP binding site reported in the literature. When tested in the BPM, 10 mg/kg MXE induced locomotor hyperactivity, reduced the number of rearings, increased the roughness of locomotor paths, and produced perseverative patterns of locomotion. Administration of PCP (2.25 and 6.75 mg/kg, SC) produced a similar profile of effects in the BPM.
conclusionsThese results indicate that MXE produces a behavioral profile similar to that of other psychotomimetic uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists. Our findings support the classification of MXE as a dissociative drug and suggest that it likely has effects and abuse potential similar to that of PCP and ketamine.
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