ArticleScientific reports2016
SALO, a novel classical pathway complement inhibitor from saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Production and characterization of gigastasin, a leech-derived inhibitor of complement and coagulation pathways.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and type 1-polarized immunity that promotes Leishmania killing.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and TbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Guianensin, a Blackfly Salivary Protein, Inhibits the Lectin Pathway of Complement.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Mechanism of complement inhibition by a mosquito protein revealed through cryo-EM.Communications biology · 2024Article
- An overview of the sand fly salivary proteins in vaccine development against leishmaniases.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2022Review
- A Structural Basis for Inhibition of the Complement Initiator Protease C1r by Lyme Disease Spirochetes.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Mechanisms Driving Neutrophil-Induced T-cell Immunoparalysis in Ovarian Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2021Observational
- A sand fly salivary protein acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant.Nature communications · 2021Observational
- Immune response dynamics and Lutzomyia longipalpis exposure characterize a biosignature of visceral leishmaniasis susceptibility in a canine cohort.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Properdin Is a Key Player in Lysis of Red Blood Cells and Complement Activation on Endothelial Cells in Hemolytic Anemias Caused by Complement Dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
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- Anti-complement activity in salivary glands and midgut of Chagas disease vector, Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Triatominae).Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2019Article
- Functional and structural similarities of D7 proteins in the independently-evolved salivary secretions of sand flies and mosquitoes.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Inhibition of the complement system by saliva of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2018Article
- Canine leishmaniasis: Genome-wide analysis and antibody response to Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva.PloS one · 2018Article
- MASP-1 of the complement system enhances clot formation in a microvascular whole blood flow model.PloS one · 2018Article
- Structure of SALO, a leishmaniasis vaccine candidate from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Blood-feeding insects inject potent salivary components including complement inhibitors into their host's skin to acquire a blood meal. Sand fly saliva was shown to inhibit the classical pathway of complement; however, the molecular identity of the inhibitor remains unknown. Here, we identified SALO as the classical pathway complement inhibitor. SALO, an 11 kDa protein, has no homology to proteins of any other organism apart from New World sand flies. rSALO anti-complement activity has the same chromatographic properties as the Lu. longipalpis salivary gland homogenate (SGH)counterparts and anti-rSALO antibodies blocked the classical pathway complement activity of rSALO and SGH. Both rSALO and SGH inhibited C4b deposition and cleavage of C4. rSALO, however, did not inhibit the protease activity of C1s nor the enzymatic activity of factor Xa, uPA, thrombin, kallikrein, trypsin and plasmin. Importantly, rSALO did not inhibit the alternative or the lectin pathway of complement. In conclusion our data shows that SALO is a specific classical pathway complement inhibitor present in the saliva of Lu. longipalpis. Importantly, due to its small size and specificity, SALO may offer a therapeutic alternative for complement classical pathway-mediated pathogenic effects in human diseases.
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Registered trials
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