ArticleEmotion (Washington, D.C.)2016
Leaders' smiles reflect cultural differences in ideal affect.
Article in Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Valuing calm enhances enjoyment of calming (vs. exciting) amusement park rides and exercise.Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2018Trial
- Data-driven psychophysical methods to diversify SIAs and address bias.Journal on multimodal user interfaces · 2026Article
- An exploratory cross-national analysis of the childhood predictors of inner peace in the Global Flourishing Study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of intensity and dominance of CEOs' smiles with corporate performance.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Self- and Other-Orientation in High Rank: A Cultural Psychological Approach to Social Hierarchy.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2024Review
- Item-Based Analysis of Some ADOS-2 Items with Typically Developing Participants Might help Improve Cross-Cultural Validity of ADOS-2.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Cultural variation in neural responses to social but not monetary reward outcomes.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cultural differences in the relations between expressive flexibility and life satisfaction over time.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Cultural differences in vocal expression analysis: Effects of task, language, and stimulus-related factors.PloS one · 2022Article
- Why does passion matter more in individualistic cultures?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- The Effect of the Intensity of Happy Expression on Social Perception of Chinese Faces.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Feeling excited or taking a bath: Do distinct pathways underlie the positive affect-health link in the U.S. and Japan?Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2020Article
- Anger and Sadness Expressions Situated in Both Positive and Negative Contexts: An Investigation in South Korea and the United States.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- What Basic Emotion Theory Really Says for the Twenty-First Century Study of Emotion.Journal of nonverbal behavior · 2019Article
- Multivariate associations of ideal affect with clinical symptoms.Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2019Article
- Emotion Norms, Display Rules, and Regulation in the Akan Society of Ghana: An Exploration Using Proverbs.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
- Ideal affect in daily life: implications for affective experience, health, and social behavior.Current opinion in psychology · 2017Review
- Neurocultural evidence that ideal affect match promotes giving.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
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Abstract
Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, chief executive officers, and university presidents in their official photos. Consistent with findings that Americans value excitement and other high-arousal positive states more than Chinese, American top-ranked leaders (N = 98) showed more excited smiles than Chinese top-ranked leaders (N = 91) across occupations. In Study 2, we compared the smiles of winning versus losing political candidates and higher versus lower ranking chief executive officers and university presidents in the United States and Taiwan/China. American leaders (N = 223) showed more excited smiles than Taiwanese/Chinese leaders (N = 266), regardless of election outcome or ranking. In Study 3, we administered self-report measures of ideal affect in college student samples from 10 different nations (N = 1,267) and then 8 years later, coded the smiles that legislators from those nations showed in their official photos (N = 3,372). The more nations valued excitement and other high arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed excited smiles; similarly, the more nations valued calm and other low-arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed calm smiles. These results held after controlling for national differences in democratization, human development, and gross domestic product per capita. Together, these findings suggest that leaders' smiles reflect the affective states valued by their cultures.
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