Observational studyAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016
Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts.
Observational study in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic susceptibility to caffeine intake and metabolism: a systematic review.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and offspring cord blood DNA methylation: an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis.Epigenomics · 2023Pooled it
- Coffee consumption and the risk of cerebrovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2017Pooled it
- Energy drinks consumption and biochemical changes in liver and kidney function: A comparative cross-sectional study among university students.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Parsing Instagram Posts for Smoking Imagery Amongst Users: A Content Analysis.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2026Article
- From bugs to behavior: targeting the gut-brain interface for addiction therapeutics.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Interaction between coffee consumption and polygenic risk score in relation to diabetes: insights from the Maastricht study.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- High coffee consumption may increase aortic diameter and risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm in smokers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Caffeine Consumption Patterns, Health Impacts, and Media Influence: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- A Scoping Review of Epigenetic Signatures of Diet and Diet-related Metabolites: Insights from Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Their Implications for Cardiometabolic Health and Diseases.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2025Article
- Coffee Consumption Correlates With Better Cognitive Performance in Patients With a High Incidence for Stroke.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Observational
- Translation and validation of the caffeine use disorder questionnaire in Arabic.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Phenome-Wide Analysis of Coffee Intake on Health over 20 Years of Follow-Up Among Adults in Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Genome-wide association studies of coffee intake in UK/US participants of European ancestry uncover cohort-specific genetic associations.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
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- Plasma metabolites of a healthy lifestyle in relation to mortality and longevity: Four prospective US cohort studies.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
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- Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).BMC medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
designObservational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption.
settingAdults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
participantsParticipants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). MEASUREMENTS: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks.
findingsAfter correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR.
conclusionsThere appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.