ReviewEpidemiology and infection2016
Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011.
Review in Epidemiology and infection, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- The history of giardiasis.Parasitology research · 2025Review
- Giardia-induced Type 2 mucosal immunity attenuates intestinal inflammation caused by co-infection or colitis in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Protozoocidal activity ofHeliyon · 2025Article
- Leading Paediatric Infectious Diseases-Current Trends, Gaps, and Future Prospects in Oral Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies.Pathogens and global health · 2023Article
- Prevalence and molecular characterization ofVeterinary world · 2023Article
- Role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- Review
- Uncovering the genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis in isolates from outbreaks in New Zealand.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2022Article
- Protozoan Parasites and Leafy Greens in Marrakech: Study of Occurrence Using a Molecular Method.Acta parasitologica · 2022Article
- Does urbanization ameliorate the effect of endoparasite infection in kangaroo rats?Ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Extracellular vesicles secreted by Giardia duodenalis regulate host cell innate immunity via TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Evolving Epidemiology of Reported Giardiasis Cases in the United States, 1995-2016.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Nosocomial Infections: Do Not Forget the Parasites!Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The controversies surroundingCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2021Review
- Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Detection methods and prevalence of transmission stages ofParasitology · 2020Review
- Report of Giardia assemblages and giardiasis in residents of Guilan province-Iran.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is the leading parasitic aetiology of human enteric infections in the United States, with an estimated 1·2 million cases occurring annually. To better understand transmission, we analysed data on all giardiasis outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for 1971-2011. The 242 outbreaks, affecting ~41 000 persons, resulted from waterborne (74·8%), foodborne (15·7%), person-to-person (2·5%), and animal contact (1·2%) transmission. Most (74·6%) waterborne outbreaks were associated with drinking water, followed by recreational water (18·2%). Problems with water treatment, untreated groundwater, and distribution systems were identified most often during drinking water-associated outbreak investigations; problems with water treatment declined after the 1980s. Most recreational water-associated outbreaks were linked to treated swimming venues, with pools and wading pools implicated most often. Produce was implicated most often in foodborne outbreaks. Additionally, foods were most commonly prepared in a restaurant and contaminated by a food handler. Lessons learned from examining patterns in outbreaks over time can help prevent future disease. Groundwater and distribution system vulnerabilities, inadequate pool disinfection, fruit and vegetable contamination, and poor food handler hygiene are promising targets for giardiasis prevention measures.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.