ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2016
The History and Future of Treatment of Hypothyroidism.
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment Preferences in Patients With Hypothyroidism.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Benefits and Harms of Levothyroxine/L-Triiodothyronine Versus Levothyroxine Monotherapy for Adult Patients with Hypothyroidism: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2021Pooled it
- Extended Absorption of Liothyronine from Poly-Zinc-Liothyronine: Results from a Phase 1, Double-Blind, Randomized, and Controlled Study in Humans.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2022Trial
- Delivery of liothyronine by microneedle patch for the treatment of hypothyroidism.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Review
- Computational screening and molecular dynamics reveal curcumin III and taxifolin as potential thyroid receptor modulators for hypothyroidism therapy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Acceptance, Drivers, and Barriers to Use of mHealth Apps to Improve Quality of Life in Female Patients Affected by Hypothyroidism: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Treatment of hypothyroidism with the combination of levothyroxine and slow-release triiodothyronine: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2025Article
- Novel Biomarkers Reveal Mismatch Between Tissue and Serum Thyroid Hormone Status in Amiodarone-Induced Hyperthyroidism.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Clinical thyroidology: beyond the 1970s' TSH-T4 Paradigm.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- The Association Between Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Function Change in Women across the Menopause Transition: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2024Article
- Apropos thyroid endocrinology and EndoBridge, as well as more on reproductive medicine.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2024Article
- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cardiovascular and Bone Health Care Utilization During Treatment With Thyroid Hormone.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Differentiated thyroid cancer: a focus on post-operative thyroid hormone replacement and thyrotropin suppression therapy.Endocrine · 2024Review
- Association study of urinary iodine concentrations and coronary artery disease among adults in the USA: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Critical Approach to Hypothyroid Patients With Persistent Symptoms.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Levothyroxine: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Formulations.Endocrine reviews · 2023Review
- Natural desiccated thyroid for the treatment of hypothyroidism?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Is beta-carotene consumption associated with thyroid hormone levels?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Switching from Natural Desiccated Thyroid to a Liquid Formulation of Levothyroxine for Hypothyroidism.Case reports in endocrinology · 2023Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Thyroid hormone replacement has been used for more than a century to treat hypothyroidism. Natural thyroid preparations (thyroid extract, desiccated thyroid, or thyroglobulin), which contain both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), were the first pharmacologic treatments available and dominated the market for the better part of the 20th century. Dosages were adjusted to resolve symptoms and to normalize the basal metabolic rate and/or serum protein-bound iodine level, but thyrotoxic adverse effects were not uncommon. Two major developments in the 1970s led to a transition in clinical practice: 1) The development of the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) radioimmunoassay led to the discovery that many patients were overtreated, resulting in a dramatic reduction in thyroid hormone replacement dosage, and 2) the identification of peripheral deiodinase-mediated T4-to-T3 conversion provided a physiologic means to justify l-thyroxine monotherapy, obviating concerns about inconsistencies with desiccated thyroid. Thereafter, l-thyroxine monotherapy at doses to normalize the serum TSH became the standard of care. Since then, a subgroup of thyroid hormone-treated patients with residual symptoms of hypothyroidism despite normalization of the serum TSH has been identified. This has brought into question the inability of l-thyroxine monotherapy to universally normalize serum T3 levels. New research suggests mechanisms for the inadequacies of l-thyroxine monotherapy and highlights the possible role for personalized medicine based on deiodinase polymorphisms. Understanding the historical events that affected clinical practice trends provides invaluable insight into formulation of an approach to help all patients achieve clinical and biochemical euthyroidism.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.