ReviewExtreme physiology & medicine2016
Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: recommendations for saturation divers.
Review in Extreme physiology & medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occupational health challenges in commercial diving: a qualitative study of psychological risk, training gaps, and organisational responsibilities.Diving and hyperbaric medicine · 2026Article
- Medical care in submarine accidents.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- A review of nutritional recommendations for scuba divers.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Review
- Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Nutritional status of patients referred for hyperbaric oxygen treatment; a retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study.Diving and hyperbaric medicine · 2021Article
- The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Functional Profiling Reveals Altered Metabolic Activity in Divers' Oral Microbiota During Commercial Heliox Saturation Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Change in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers During 30 Days in Saturation Dive: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Hemoglobin During and Following a 4-Week Commercial Saturation Dive to 200 m.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Static Metabolic Bubbles as Precursors of Vascular Gas Emboli During Divers' Decompression: A Hypothesis Explaining Bubbling Variability.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Blood Gene Expression and Vascular Function Biomarkers in Professional Saturation Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Saturation diving is an occupation that involves prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperoxic, hyperbaric environment. The unique and extreme environment is thought to result in disruption to physiological and metabolic homeostasis, which may impact human health and performance. Appropriate nutritional intake has the potential to alleviate and/or support many of these physiological and metabolic concerns, whilst enhancing health and performance in saturation divers. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify the physiological and practical challenges of saturation diving and consequently provide evidence-based nutritional recommendations for saturation divers to promote health and performance within this challenging environment. Saturation diving has a high-energy demand, with an energy intake of between 44 and 52 kcal/kg body mass per day recommended, dependent on intensity and duration of underwater activity. The macronutrient composition of dietary intake is in accordance with the current Institute of Medicine guidelines at 45-65 % and 20-35 % of total energy intake for carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively. A minimum daily protein intake of 1.3 g/kg body mass is recommended to facilitate body composition maintenance. Macronutrient intake between individuals should, however, be dictated by personal preference to support the attainment of an energy balance. A varied diet high in fruit and vegetables is highly recommended for the provision of sufficient micronutrients to support physiological processes, such as vitamin B12 and folate intake to facilitate red blood cell production. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, are also recommended to reduce oxidised molecules, e.g. free radicals, whilst selenium and zinc intake may be beneficial to reinforce endogenous antioxidant reserves. In addition, tailored hydration and carbohydrate fueling strategies for underwater work are also advised.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.