ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Differed by Vaccine Type During 2013-2014 in the United States.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparison of 2 Doses vs 1 Dose in the First Season Children Are Vaccinated Against Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Update: ACIP Recommendations for the Use of Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV4) - United States, 2018-19 Influenza Season.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2018Guideline
- The impact of repeated vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Differences in nasal immunoglobulin A responses to influenza vaccine strains after live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) immunization in children.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- Absolute and Relative Effectiveness of Cell Culture-Based and Egg-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine Products From the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Seasons, US Flu VE Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Observational
- Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Using Linked Public Health Information Systems, California, 2023-2024 Season.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza vaccine strain selection with an AI-based evolutionary and antigenicity model.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Influenza A virus disruption of dendritic cell-natural killer cell crosstalk impacts activation of naïve helper and cytotoxic T cell subsets.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Differential patterns of cross-protection against antigenically distinct variants in small animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of the influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in outpatient immunocompromised adults, 2017-2018.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Reduced Effectiveness of Repeat Influenza Vaccination: Distinguishing Among Within-Season Waning, Recent Clinical Infection, and Subclinical Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States.eLife · 2024Article
- Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Reduced effectiveness of repeat influenza vaccination: distinguishing among within-season waning, recent clinical infection, and subclinical infection.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Against Mismatched Influenza Strains in Older Adults: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe predominant strain during the 2013-2014 influenza season was 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09). This vaccine-component has remained unchanged from 2009.
methodsThe US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network enrolled subjects aged ≥6 months with medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI), including cough, with illness onset ≤7 days before enrollment. Influenza was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We determined the effectiveness of trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among subjects ages ≥6 months and the effectiveness of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) among children aged 2-17 years, using a test-negative design. The effect of prior receipt of any A(H1N1)pdm09-containing vaccine since 2009 on the effectiveness of current-season vaccine was assessed.
resultsWe enrolled 5999 subjects; 5637 (94%) were analyzed; 18% had RT-PCR-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09-related MAARI. Overall, the effectiveness of vaccine against A(H1N1)pdm09-related MAARI was 54% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-61%). Among fully vaccinated children aged 2-17 years, the effectiveness of LAIV4 was 17% (95% CI, -39% to 51%) and the effectiveness of IIV was 60% (95% CI, 36%-74%). Subjects aged ≥9 years showed significant residual protection of any prior A(H1N1)pdm09-containing vaccine dose(s) received since 2009, as did children <9 years old considered fully vaccinated by prior season.
conclusionsDuring 2013-2014, IIV was significantly effective against A(H1N1)pdm09. Lack of LAIV4 effectiveness in children highlights the importance of continued annual monitoring of effectiveness of influenza vaccines in the United States.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.