Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26740348›Full record

ArticlePreventive medicine2016

Educational attainment and the clustering of health-related behavior among U.S. young adults.

Julie Skalamera, Robert A Hummer

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Preventive medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
8.1field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Young Adult Smokers: Stages of Change and Stability over Time.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2020
    Trial
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  5. Family History of Kidney Failure, APOL1 Risk Variants, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of CKD Progression: Findings From the CRIC Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026
    Observational
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  10. Disruption to test scores after hurricanes in the United States.Environmental research, health : ERH · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
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  17. Article
  18. Health of Convicted Persons in the Third Generation of the Longitudinal Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · 2023
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Julie SkalameraUniversity of Texas at Austin, Population Research Center, 305 East 23rd Street, G1800, Austin, TX 78712-1699, USA. Electronic address: julie.skalamera@utexas.edu.
Robert A HummerCarolina Population Center and Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 206 W. Franklin Street, Room 208, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
The University of Texas at Austin · USUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · US

Funding

Wave IV Data CollectionP01HD031921 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI HARRIS, KATHLEEN MULLAN · 1994 to 2020
$86.1M
Research Services CoreP2CHD050924 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI KAREN B GUZZO · 2015 to 2026
$9.6M
Population Research CenterR24HD042849 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN · PI HAYWARD, MARK D. · 2002 to 2016
$8.4M
Training Program in Population StudiesT32HD007081 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN · PI Aprile Dawn Benner, Christy L. Erving · 1985 to 2026
$6.8M
Scientific & Technical CoreP2CHD042849 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI MARK D. HAYWARD · 2017 to 2026
$5.2M
NICHD NIH HHS P01 HD031921NICHD NIH HHS P01-HD31921NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD042849NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD050924NICHD NIH HHS R24 HD042849NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD007081
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe documented health-related behavior clustering among US young adults and assessed the extent to which educational attainment was associated with the identified clusters.

methodsUsing data from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we performed latent class analysis on 8 health-related behaviors (n=14,338), documenting clustering of behavior separately by gender. Subsequently, we used multinomial logistic regression and estimated associations between educational attainment and the health-related behavior clusters.

resultsTwenty-eight percent of young women grouped into the most favorable health behavior cluster, while 22% grouped into a very high-risk cluster. A larger percentage of young men (40%) grouped into the highest risk cluster. Individuals with educational attainment at the college and advanced degree levels exhibited much lower risk of being in the unhealthy behavioral clusters than individuals with lower educational attainment, net of a range of confounders.

conclusionSubstantial fractions of US young adults, particularly those with less than college degrees, exhibit unhealthy behavior profiles. Efforts to improve health among young adults should focus particular attention on the clustering of poor health-related behavior, especially among individuals who have less than a college degree.

Indexed as

Educational StatusHealth BehaviorLife StyleAdolescentAdultChildFemaleHealth SurveysHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleSex FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultBehavior clustersEducational attainmentHealth-related behavior

Identifiers

PMID26740348
PMCPMC4758886
OpenAlexW2218251798

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.