Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26738725›Full record

ArticleNature communications2016

Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes.

Hernan Lorenzi, Asis Khan, Michael S Behnke, Sivaranjani Namasivayam, Lakshmipuram S Swapna, Michalis Hadjithomas, Svetlana Karamycheva, Deborah Pinney, Brian P Brunk, James W Ajioka and 22 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 162 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
162citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

162 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. A review of foodborneFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022
    Pooled it
  2. Article
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  4. Prevalence ofBiomolecules · 2026
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  5. mSphere · 2026
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  6. Next-generation molecular tools in veterinary parasitology: advances, challenges, and perspectives in the diagnosis of emerging parasites.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Population genetic structure of zoonoticScience in One Health · 2026
    Article
  9. FEMS microbes · 2026
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  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
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  14. New genetic variants ofParasitology · 2025
    Article
  15. Toxoplasma gondii and the Brain: Frenemies? Or Just Outright Foes?Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2025
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Genotyping of human isolates from human toxoplasmosis outbreak: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Sanger Sequencing.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Role of wild birds in the circulation ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025
    Article
  20. Article

102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

32 authors.

Hernan LorenziDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
Asis KhanDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Michael S BehnkeDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Sivaranjani NamasivayamDepartment of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
Lakshmipuram S SwapnaProgram in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.
Michalis HadjithomasDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
Svetlana KaramychevaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9653-8910
Deborah PinneyDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Brian P BrunkDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
James W AjiokaDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
Daniel AjzenbergBiological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025, France.
John C BoothroydDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Jon P BoyleDepartment of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
Marie L DardéBiological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025, France.
Maria A Diaz-MirandaDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Jitender P DubeyAnimal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
Heather M FritzDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
Solange M GennariDepartment of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05598-270, Brazil.
Brian D GregoryDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Kami KimDepartments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
Jeroen P J SaeijDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, David, California 95616, USA.
Chunlei SuDepartment of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
Michael W WhiteDepartments of Molecular Medicine and Global Health, Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDI), University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
Xing-Quan ZhuState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.
Daniel K HoweDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.
Benjamin M RosenthalAnimal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
Michael E GriggLaboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
John ParkinsonProgram in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.
Liang LiuDepartment of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA.
Jessica C KissingerDepartment of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
David S RoosDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
L David SibleyDepartment of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.

Funding

Toxoplasma Population GeneticsZIAAI001018 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI GRIGG, MICHAEL · 2009 to 2025
$11.3M
PROTEIN SECRETION &INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL BY TOXOPLASMAR01AI034036 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SIBLEY, L. DAVID · 1993 to 2019
$7.9M
Molecular Basis of Human ToxoplasmosisR01AI118426 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SIBLEY, L. DAVID · 2015 to 2024
$6.0M
MOLECULAR BASIS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN AIDS PATIENTSR01AI036629 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SIBLEY, L. DAVID · 1994 to 2013
$5.3M
Strain-specific Host-Pathogen Interactions in ToxoplasmosisR01AI073756 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOOTHROYD, JOHN C · 2007 to 2016
$4.2M
Infectivity and Transmission of ToxoplasmosisR01AI059176 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SIBLEY, L. DAVID · 2004 to 2013
$3.9M
Toxoplasma strain-specific modulation of mouse immune cellsR01AI080621 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI SAEIJ, JEROEN · 2009 to 2018
$3.6M
Toxoplasma Epigenomics and Gene ExpressionR01AI087625 · NIAID · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI KIM, KAMI · 2010 to 2014
$3.5M
TARGETING ESSENTIAL ROP KINASES IN TOXOPLASMAR01AI082423 · NIAID · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SIBLEY, L. DAVID · 2009 to 2015
$2.9M
Effector diversification and Toxoplasma virulenceR01AI114655 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BOYLE, JON P · 2015 to 2019
$1.9M
Cyst effector gene families and Toxoplasma pathogenesisR21AI110351 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BOYLE, JON P · 2014 to 2015
$422k
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF T. GONDII MEROZOITES TO DEVELOP A CULTURE SYSTEMK22AI108721 · NIAID · LOUISIANA STATE UNIV A&M COL BATON ROUGE · PI BEHNKE, MICHAEL SEAN · 2016 to 2017
$270k
CIHR MOP 84556NIAID NIH HHS AI036629NIAID NIH HHS AI059176NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272200900007CNIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201400030CNIAID NIH HHS K22 AI108721NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI034036NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI036629NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI059176NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI073756NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI080621NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI082423NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI114655NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI118426NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI110351
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent parasites worldwide, infecting many wild and domestic animals and causing zoonotic infections in humans. T. gondii differs substantially in its broad distribution from closely related parasites that typically have narrow, specialized host ranges. To elucidate the genetic basis for these differences, we compared the genomes of 62 globally distributed T. gondii isolates to several closely related coccidian parasites. Our findings reveal that tandem amplification and diversification of secretory pathogenesis determinants is the primary feature that distinguishes the closely related genomes of these biologically diverse parasites. We further show that the unusual population structure of T. gondii is characterized by clade-specific inheritance of large conserved haploblocks that are significantly enriched in tandemly clustered secretory pathogenesis determinants. The shared inheritance of these conserved haploblocks, which show a different ancestry than the genome as a whole, may thus influence transmission, host range and pathogenicity.

Indexed as

Genome, ProtozoanConserved SequenceDNA, ProtozoanGene Expression RegulationPhylogenyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideProtozoan ProteinsRNA, MessengerSyntenyToxoplasmaVirulenceDNA, ProtozoanProtozoan ProteinsRNA, Messenger

Identifiers

PMID26738725
PMCPMC4729833

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.