ArticleScientific reports2016
Antigenic mapping of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals two discrete antigenic sites and a novel mechanism of immune escape.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- The molecular basis of antigenic variation among A(H9N2) avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Pooled it
- Egyptian rousette bat humoral immunity to H9 influenza hemagglutinin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran over the past two decades.Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal · 2026Article
- Genetic Evolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Guangxi, China.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Antiviral potential of diosmin against influenza A virus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cecropin AD reduces viral load and inflammatory response against H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Virus versus host: influenza A virus circumvents the immune responses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail (Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Amino Acid Variation at Hemagglutinin Position 193 Impacts the Properties of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Antigenic Evolution Characteristics and Immunological Evaluation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 1994-2019 in China.Viruses · 2022Article
- Article
- The molecular determinants of antigenic drift in a novel avian influenza A (H9N2) variant virus.Virology journal · 2022Article
- The PB1 gene from H9N2 avian influenza virus showed high compatibility and increased mutation rate after reassorting with a human H1N1 influenza virus.Virology journal · 2022Article
- Effect of Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus and Avian PathogenicFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant is the most antigenic compared to Wuhan strain, B.1.351, B.1.1.28/triple mutant and B.1.429 variants.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Assessing the effects of a two-amino acid flexibility in the Hemagglutinin 220-loop receptor-binding domain on the fitness of Influenza A(H9N2) viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus is a major cause of poultry production loss across Asia leading to the wide use of vaccines. Efficacy of vaccines is often compromised due to the rapid emergence of antigenic variants. To improve the effectiveness of vaccines in the field, a better understanding of the antigenic epitopes of the major antigen, hemagglutinin, is required. To address this, a panel of nine monoclonal antibodies were generated against a contemporary Pakistani H9N2 isolate, which represents a major Asian H9N2 viral lineage. Antibodies were characterized in detail and used to select a total of 26 unique 'escape' mutants with substitutions across nine different amino acid residues in hemagglutinin including seven that have not been described as antigenic determinants for H9N2 viruses before. Competition assays and structural mapping revealed two novel, discrete antigenic sites "H9-A" and "H9-B". Additionally, a second subset of escape mutants contained amino acid deletions within the hemagglutinin receptor binding site. This constitutes a novel method of escape for group 1 hemagglutinins and could represent an alternative means for H9N2 viruses to overcome vaccine induced immunity. These results will guide surveillance efforts for arising antigenic variants as well as evidence based vaccine seed selection and vaccine design.
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