ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2016
Allopurinol Resistance in Leishmania infantum from Dogs with Disease Relapse.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- World Association for Veterinary Dermatology Consensus Statement for Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treatment and Prevention of Canine Leishmaniosis.Veterinary dermatology · 2025Guideline
- Direct quantitative PCR detects genetic biomarkers of antileishmanial drug resistance in clinical samples from dogs with leishmaniosis.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Updated Canine Leishmaniosis Working Group recommendations for leishmaniosis in dogs: Q&A on clinical management.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Copy numbers of theCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Article
- Insights on genomic profiles of drug resistance and virulence in a cohort of Leishmania infantum isolates from the Mediterranean area.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Unveiling prognostic indicators in canine leishmaniosis: two decades of evidence.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- StandardizedVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Retrospective study of canine leishmaniosis in Israel.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- The Beneficial Use ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Treatment ofMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Emergence of autochthonousFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Antibody dynamics in dogs submitted to different canine visceral leishmaniasis treatment protocols.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2025Article
- Evidence for in vivo resistance against allopurinol in a dog infected with Leishmania infantum by reduction in copy numbers of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (METK) gene.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- New immunomodulatory treatment protocol for canine leishmaniosis reduces parasitemia and proteinuria.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Relapses in canine leishmaniosis: risk factors identified through mixed-effects logistic regression.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Pharmacokinetics, Dose-Proportionality, and Tolerability of Intravenous Tanespimycin (17-AAG) in Single and Multiple Doses in Dogs: A Potential Novel Treatment for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Long-term follow-up of a case of feline leishmaniosis treated with a combination of allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2023Article
- A new immunochemotherapy schedule for visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.Veterinary sciences · 2022Review
- Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum infection in dogs and cats in central Israel.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVisceral leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic, life threatening parasitic disease. Domestic dogs are the main peridomestic reservoir, and allopurinol is the most frequently used drug for the control of infection, alone or in combination with other drugs. Resistance of Leishmania strains from dogs to allopurinol has not been described before in clinical studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsFollowing our observation of clinical disease relapse in dogs under allopurinol treatment, we tested susceptibility to allopurinol of L. infantum isolated from groups of dogs pre-treatment, treated in remission, and with disease relapse during treatment. Promastigote isolates obtained from four treated relapsed dogs (TR group) showed an average half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 996 μg/mL. A significantly lower IC50 (P = 0.01) was found for isolates from ten dogs before treatment (NT group, 200 μg/mL), as well as for five isolates obtained from treated dogs in remission (TA group, 268 μg/mL). Axenic amastigotes produced from isolates of the TR group also showed significantly higher (P = 0.002) IC50 compared to the NT group (1678 and 671 μg/mL, respectively). The lower sensitivity of intracellular amastigotes from the TR group relative to those from the NT group (P = 0.002) was confirmed using an infected macrophage model (6.3% and 20% growth inhibition, respectively at 300 μg/mL allopurinol).
conclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate allopurinol resistance in L. infantum and to associate it with disease relapse in the canine host. These findings are of concern as allopurinol is the main drug used for long term control of the disease in dogs, and resistant L. infantum strains may enhance uncontrolled transmission to humans and to other dogs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.