ArticlePLoS computational biology2016
Residual Viremia in Treated HIV+ Individuals.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Doubling dolutegravir dosage reduces the viral reservoir in ART-treated people with HIV.eLife · 2026Trial
- AZD5582 robustly reactivates latently infected cells and clears the majority of those reactivated from the SIV reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Doubling dolutegravir dosage reduces the viral reservoir in ART-treated people with HIV.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Mild HIV-specific selective forces overlaying natural CD4+ T cell dynamics explain the clonality and decay dynamics of HIV reservoir cells.Cell systems · 2025Article
- Clonal heterogeneity and antigenic stimulation shape persistence of the latent reservoir of HIV.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Understanding early HIV-1 rebound dynamics following antiretroviral therapy interruption: The importance of effector cell expansion.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Modeling dynamics of acute HIV infection incorporating density-dependent cell death and multiplicity of infection.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Understanding early HIV-1 rebound dynamics following antiretroviral therapy interruption: The importance of effector cell expansion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Modeling resistance to the broadly neutralizing antibody PGT121 in people living with HIV-1.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Mathematical modeling indicates that regulatory inhibition of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity can limit efficacy of IL-15 immunotherapy in cases of high pre-treatment SIV viral load.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Biomarkers at the Crossroad between Patient Stratification and Targeted Therapy: The Role of Validated and Proposed Parameters.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Many Faces of Immune Activation in HIV-1 Infection: A Multifactorial Interconnection.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Substantial uneven proliferation of CD4Journal of virus eradication · 2022Article
- Mathematical modeling of N-803 treatment in SIV-infected non-human primates.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Mechanistic basis of post-treatment control of SIV after anti-α4β7 antibody therapy.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Unified model of short- and long-term HIV viral rebound for clinical trial planning.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2021Article
- Cells producing residual viremia during antiretroviral treatment appear to contribute to rebound viremia following interruption of treatment.PLoS pathogens · 2020Observational
- Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively controls HIV infection, suppressing HIV viral loads. However, some residual virus remains, below the level of detection, in HIV-infected patients on ART. The source of this viremia is an area of debate: does it derive primarily from activation of infected cells in the latent reservoir, or from ongoing viral replication? Observations seem to be contradictory: there is evidence of short term evolution, implying that there must be ongoing viral replication, and viral strains should thus evolve. However, phylogenetic analyses, and rare emergent drug resistance, suggest no long-term viral evolution, implying that virus derived from activated latent cells must dominate. We use simple deterministic and stochastic models to gain insight into residual viremia dynamics in HIV-infected patients. Our modeling relies on two underlying assumptions for patients on suppressive ART: that latent cell activation drives viral dynamics and that the reproductive ratio of treated infection is less than 1. Nonetheless, the contribution of viral replication to residual viremia in patients on ART may be non-negligible. However, even if the portion of viremia attributable to viral replication is significant, our model predicts (1) that latent reservoir re-seeding remains negligible, and (2) some short-term viral evolution is permitted, but long-term evolution can still be limited: stochastic analysis of our model shows that de novo emergence of drug resistance is rare. Thus, our simple models reconcile the seemingly contradictory observations on residual viremia and, with relatively few parameters, recapitulates HIV viral dynamics observed in patients on suppressive therapy.
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