ArticleNature materials2016
Combinatorial codon scrambling enables scalable gene synthesis and amplification of repetitive proteins.
Article in Nature materials, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic Engineering and Bioprocess Optimization Strategies Promote l‑Azidohomoalanine Biosynthesis in Fed-Batch Bioreactor Culture.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Technologies for engineering repetitive DNA.Quantitative biology (Beijing, China) · 2026Review
- High-throughput synthesis of DNA fragments by molecular self-assembly of overlapping oligonucleotides.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Synthesis of Ultra-Large Fibrous Proteins from Bacteria via a Looped-Translation System.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Scalable and cost-efficient custom gene library assembly from oligopools.Science advances · 2026Article
- Coacervate droplet sequestration of heterogenous nanoplastics with elastin-like polypeptides.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Synthetic Biomolecular Condensates: Design Principles and Applications.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Abundance-biased codon diversification prevents recombination in AAV production and ensures robust in vivo expression of functional FRET sensors.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Nonfouling Coatings from Synthetic Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- A Novel Gene Synthesis Platform for Designing Functional Protein Polymers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Microbial Production of High-Performance Fibers from Muscle Protein Titin.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Programmability and biomedical utility of intrinsically-disordered protein polymers.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
- Synthetic intrinsically disordered protein fusion tags that enhance protein solubility.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Enzymatic Assembly of Small Synthetic Genes with Repetitive Elements.ACS synthetic biology · 2024Article
- Contribution of the ELRs to the development of advancedFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- The construction of elastin-like polypeptides and their applications in drug delivery system and tissue repair.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Programmable synthetic biomolecular condensates for cellular control.Nature chemical biology · 2023Article
- Microbial Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight, Highly Repetitive Protein Polymers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Lipidation Alters the Structure and Hydration of Myristoylated Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.Biomacromolecules · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Most genes are synthesized using seamless assembly methods that rely on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, PCR of genes encoding repetitive proteins either fails or generates nonspecific products. Motivated by the need to efficiently generate new protein polymers through high-throughput gene synthesis, here we report a codon-scrambling algorithm that enables the PCR-based gene synthesis of repetitive proteins by exploiting the codon redundancy of amino acids and finding the least-repetitive synonymous gene sequence. We also show that the codon-scrambling problem is analogous to the well-known travelling salesman problem, and obtain an exact solution to it by using De Bruijn graphs and a modern mixed integer linear programme solver. As experimental proof of the utility of this approach, we use it to optimize the synthetic genes for 19 repetitive proteins, and show that the gene fragments are amenable to PCR-based gene assembly and recombinant expression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.