ReviewJournal of autoimmunity2016
Risk factors in autism: Thinking outside the brain.
Review in Journal of autoimmunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness and adverse effects of D-cycloserine compared with placebo on social and communication skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Peripheral blood neurotrophic factor levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Probiotic Therapy for Treating Behavioral and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.Current medical science · 2019Pooled it
- Association between assisted reproductive technology and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2016Pooled it
- Blood Glutamate Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Microglia Mitochondria Support Neuronal Maturation via Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming in Human 3D In Vitro Brain Model.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Advancing understanding of the mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder through perinatal risk factors.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a population-based retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
- Article
- Autoantibody profiling of autism spectrum disorder patients with monoamine oxidase a deficiency.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Pediatricians' Knowledge of Autism in Saudi Arabia.Materia socio-medica · 2025Article
- ADHD and autism in Neurocognitive Mismatch Theory: distinct neurodevelopmental incompatibilities with the market-based system.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Additive or Interactive Associations of Food Allergies with Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Relation to ASD and ASD Severity in Jamaican Children.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Interactive associations of eczema with glutathione S-transferase genes in relation to autism spectrum disorder and its severity in Jamaican children.Research in autism spectrum disorders · 2023Article
- Selection of Young Animal Models of Autism over Adult: Benefits and Limitations.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2023Article
- Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders.Current topics in developmental biology · 2023Review
- Unveiling the interplay between NSAID-induced dysbiosis and autoimmune liver disease in children: insights into the hidden gateway to autism spectrum disorders. Evidence fromFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions that have been rising markedly in prevalence for the past 30 years, now thought to affect 1 in 68 in the United States. This has prompted the search for possible explanations, and has even resulted in some controversy regarding the "true" prevalence of autism. ASD are influenced by a variety of genetic, environmental, and possibly immunological factors that act during critical periods to alter key developmental processes. This can affect multiple systems and manifests as the social and behavioral deficits that define these disorders. The interaction of environmental exposures in the context of an individual's genetic susceptibilities manifests differently in each case, leading to heterogeneous phenotypes and varied comorbid symptoms within the disorder. This has also made it very difficult to elucidate underlying genes and exposure profiles, but progress is being made in this area. Some pharmaceutical drugs, toxicants, and metabolic and nutritional factors have been identified in epidemiological studies as increasing autism risk, especially during the prenatal period. Immunologic risk factors, including maternal infection during pregnancy, autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins, and familial autoimmune disease, have consistently been observed across multiple studies, as have immune abnormalities in individuals with ASD. Mechanistic research using animal models and patient-derived stem cells will help researchers to understand the complex etiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders, which will lead to more effective therapies and preventative strategies. Proposed therapies that need more investigation include special diets, probiotics, immune modulation, oxytocin, and personalized pharmacogenomic targets. The ongoing search for biomarkers and better treatments will result in earlier identification of ASD and provide much needed help and relief for afflicted families.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.