ArticleParkinsonism & related disorders2016
Head injury at early ages is associated with risk of Parkinson's disease.
Article in Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Traumatic brain injury and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of long-term particulate matter exposure on Parkinson's risk.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2020Pooled it
- Is traumatic brain injury a risk factor for neurodegeneration? A meta-analysis of population-based studies.BMC neurology · 2018Pooled it
- Baicalin and CNS-related diseases: new insights into neuroprotective potentials based on underlying mechanisms.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Review
- Lifestyle medicine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- History of Traumatic Brain Injury Does Not Influence Rate of Progression of Clinical or Pathological Outcomes in Two Early Parkinson's Disease Cohorts.European journal of neurology · 2025Observational
- Modifiable risk factors associated with the risk of developing Parkinson's disease: a critical review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Review
- Adolescent mice exposed to TBI developed PD-like pathology in middle age.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- Impact of genetic predisposition to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases on early life outcomes and brain structure.Translational psychiatry · 2024Review
- The potential role of chronic pain and the polytrauma clinical triad in predicting prodromal PD: A cross-sectional study of U.S. Veterans.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Article
- Membrane phospholipid peroxidation promotes loss of dopaminergic neurons in psychological stress-induced Parkinson's disease susceptibility.Aging cell · 2023Article
- Lifelong Association of Disorders Related to Military Trauma with Subsequent Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2023Article
- Inhibition of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 Mediated Apoptosis: A Multimodal Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Review
- Olfactory Bulb Excitotoxicity as a Gap-Filling Mechanism Underlying the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Secondary Neuronal Degeneration and Parkinson's Disease-Like Pathology.Neurochemical research · 2022Article
- Disorders of Movement due to Acquired and Traumatic Brain Injury.Current physical medicine and rehabilitation reports · 2022Review
- Article
- Case Report: Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation Implantation on Different Targets for a Parkinson's Disease Patient With a Bullet in the Brain.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Article
- Mild repetitive head impacts alter perivascular flow in the midbrain dopaminergic system in awake rats.Brain communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe literature on the effect of head injuries on the risk of PD is inconclusive. Some researchers have hypothesized that studies that have seen an effect are simply capturing injury related to pre-clinical PD. However in animal models brain inflammation, which can be initiated by head trauma, has been shown to produce PD-like effects. Furthermore, animal studies have found that early life inflammation in particular is of relevance for PD pathology.
methodsWe conducted an unmatched case-control study of 379 neurologist confirmed PD patients and 230 controls from the greater Boston, Massachusetts area with questionnaire data on history of head injury and other covariates. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PD.
resultsWhen we excluded injuries that occurred less than 10 years prior to the diagnosis of PD (in order to avoid reverse causation), we found an increased risk of PD associated with a head injury that resulted in a loss of consciousness, but it did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 0.89-2.80). We found a significant (p = 0.04) effect of age at first head injury. For every 5 year earlier age at first head injury with loss of consciousness the OR for PD was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.01-1.86).
conclusionOur results suggest that head injury in early life increases the risk of PD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.