Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26724990›Full record

ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2016

Aetiology of diarrhoeal disease and evaluation of viral-bacterial coinfection in children under 5 years old in China: a matched case-control study.

L L Li, N Liu, E M Humphries, J M Yu, S Li, B R Lindsay, O C Stine, Z J Duan

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Observational
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Norovirus Disease Among Children <5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Observational
  16. Article
  17. Sapovirus: an emerging cause of childhood diarrhea.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2020
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

L L LiNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
N LiuNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
E M HumphriesUniversity of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J M YuNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
S LiUniversity of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
B R LindsayUniversity of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA.
O C StineUniversity of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: ostin001@umaryland.edu.
Z J DuanNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhaojund@126.com.
University of Maryland, Baltimore · USChinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention · CNNational Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention · CNMerck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Globally, diarrhoeal diseases are the second leading cause of death among children under 5 years old. Few case-control studies on the aetiology of diarrhoea have been conducted in China. A case-control study on 922 children under 5 years old who presented with diarrhoea and individually matched controls was conducted in China between May 2011 and January 2013. Quantitative PCR was used to analyze stool samples for 10 diarrhoeal pathogens. Potential enteric pathogens were detected in 377 (81.8%) of 461 children with diarrhoea and 215 controls (46.6%, p <0.001). Rotavirus, norovirus GII, Shigella and adenovirus were qualitatively associated with diarrhoea. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cutoff threshold for defining a symptomatic individual was 72, 5840, and 10(4) copies per reaction for rotavirus (odds ratio 259), norovirus GII (odds ratio 10.6) and Shigella (odds ratio 5.1). The attributable fractions were 0.18 for rotavirus, 0.08 for norovirus GII, 0.01 for Shigella and 0.04 for adenovirus. Coinfections between pathogens were common. Two pairs, rotavirus and adenovirus, and norovirus GII and Salmonella were positively associated. The co-occurrence of rotavirus and sapovirus, astrovirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or Campylobacter jejuni only occurred in children with disease. Coinfection was not correlated with clinical symptoms. Quantitative data are critical. Our results indicate that increased pathogen loads increase the OR between diarrhoea and rotavirus, norovirus GII and Shigella. Coinfections with rotavirus and norovirus GII are common and occur in a nonrandom distribution. Despite testing for ten diarrhoeal pathogens, over two-thirds of cases do not have a recognized attributable cause.

Indexed as

BacteriaBacterial InfectionsCase-Control StudiesChild, PreschoolChinaCoinfectionDiarrheaFecesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionVirus DiseasesVirusesAetiologybacteriadiarrhoeaquantitative PCRvirus

Identifiers

PMID26724990
PMCPMC4865875
OpenAlexW2218772850

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.