ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2016
Using observational data to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic treatment-switching strategies: an application to antiretroviral therapy.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reporting of Observational Studies Explicitly Aiming to Emulate Randomized Trials: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Quantitative Evidence Synthesis Methods for the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Treatment Sequences for Clinical and Economic Decision Making: A Review and Taxonomy of Simplifying Assumptions.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of Four Hemoglobin Transfusion Threshold Strategies in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia : A Target Trial Emulation Using MINT Trial Data.Annals of internal medicine · 2024Trial
- Association between dynamic dose increases of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder and risk of relapse.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Trial
- Emulating a trial of joint dynamic strategies: An application to monitoring and treatment of HIV-positive individuals.Statistics in medicine · 2019Trial
- Article
- Application of the Target Trial Emulation Framework to Studies in the Pediatric Population.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular risk thresholds for intensifying primary care encounter frequency for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a target trial emulation.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Article
- Methodologies for the Emulation of Biomarker-Guided Trials Using Observational Data: A Systematic Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Race and ethnicity, not just insurance, is associated with biologics initiation in asthma and related conditions.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Causal Inference for Continuous Multiple Time Point Interventions.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Simulating Data From Marginal Structural Models for a Survival Time Outcome.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2024Article
- Challenges and Opportunities in Interdisciplinary Research and Real-World Data for Treatment Sequences in Health Technology Assessments.PharmacoEconomics · 2024Review
- Benefit and risk of oral anticoagulant initiation strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer: a target trial emulation using the SEER-Medicare database.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2024Article
- Early Mortality After the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Target Trial Emulation.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Observational
- Applying the estimand and target trial frameworks to external control analyses using observational data: a case study in the solid tumor setting.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Target trial framework for determining the effect of changes in training load on injury risk using observational data: a methodological commentary.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2024Review
- Treatment Outcomes After Offering Same-Day Initiation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment-How to Interpret Discrepancies Between Different Studies.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- On optimal timing of antenatal corticosteroids: time to reformulate the question.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
56 authors at 20 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: When a clinical treatment fails or shows suboptimal results, the question of when to switch to another treatment arises. Treatment switching strategies are often dynamic because the time of switching depends on the evolution of an individual's time-varying covariates. Dynamic strategies can be directly compared in randomized trials. For example, HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy could be randomized to switching therapy within 90 days of HIV-1 RNA crossing above a threshold of either 400 copies/ml (tight-control strategy) or 1000 copies/ml (loose-control strategy). Methods: We review an approach to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic switching strategies using observational data from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems and the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration. We estimated the comparative effect of tight-control vs. loose-control strategies on death and AIDS or death via inverse-probability weighting. Results: Of 43 803 individuals who initiated an eligible antiretroviral therapy regimen in 2002 or later, 2001 met the baseline inclusion criteria for the mortality analysis and 1641 for the AIDS or death analysis. There were 21 deaths and 33 AIDS or death events in the tight-control group, and 28 deaths and 41 AIDS or death events in the loose-control group. Compared with tight control, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for loose control were 1.10 (0.73, 1.66) for death, and 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) for AIDS or death. Conclusions: Although our effective sample sizes were small and our estimates imprecise, the described methodological approach can serve as an example for future analyses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.