Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26718442›Full record

ArticleVision research2016

Connexin 36 and rod bipolar cell independent rod pathways drive retinal ganglion cells and optokinetic reflexes.

Cameron S Cowan, Muhammad Abd-El-Barr, Meike van der Heijden, Eric M Lo, David Paul, Debra E Bramblett, Janis Lem, David L Simons, Samuel M Wu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Vision research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025
    Article
  2. Article
  3. The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Rod Photoreceptors Signal Fast Changes in Daylight Levels Using a Cx36-Independent Retinal Pathway in Mouse.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Elevated IOP alters the space-time profiles in the center and surround of both ON and OFF RGCs in mouse.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Pannexin 1 Modulates Axonal Growth in Mouse Peripheral Nerves.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2017
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Cameron S CowanDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States. Electronic address: Cameron.Cowan@gmail.com.
Muhammad Abd-El-BarrDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
Meike van der HeijdenDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
Eric M LoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
David PaulDepartment of Neurobiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
Debra E BramblettDepartment of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine-TTUHSC, El Paso, TX, United States.
Janis LemDepartment of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
David L SimonsDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
Samuel M WuDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
Baylor College of Medicine · USHarvard University · USTufts University · USUniversity Medical Center of El Paso · US

Funding

VISION RESEARCH CENTERP30EY002520 · NEI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI Samuel M Wu · 1985 to 2026
$14.8M
PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF SYNAPSES IN THE RETINAR01EY004446 · NEI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI WU, SAMUEL M · 1985 to 2014
$5.4M
ROD AND CONE SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN MAMMALIAN RETINAR01EY019908 · NEI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI WU, SAMUEL M · 2010 to 2020
$3.8M
VISUAL SCIENCEST32EY007001 · NEI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI Samuel M Wu · 1985 to 2026
$3.7M
THRESHOLD AND NOISE DETERMINATIONS IN RODS AND CONESF32EY007001 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO · PI HORNSTEIN, ERIC P · 1999 to 2001
$73k
NEI NIH HHS EY002520NEI NIH HHS EY004446NEI NIH HHS EY007001NEI NIH HHS EY019908NEI NIH HHS F32 EY007001NEI NIH HHS P30 EY002520NEI NIH HHS R01 EY004446NEI NIH HHS R01 EY019908NEI NIH HHS T32 EY007001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rod pathways are a parallel set of synaptic connections which enable night vision by relaying and processing rod photoreceptor light responses. We use dim light stimuli to isolate rod pathway contributions to downstream light responses then characterize these contributions in knockout mice lacking rod transducin-α (Trα), or certain pathway components associated with subsets of rod pathways. These comparisons reveal that rod pathway driven light sensitivity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is entirely dependent on Trα, but partially independent of connexin 36 (Cx36) and rod bipolar cells. Pharmacological experiments show that rod pathway-driven and Cx36-independent RGC ON responses are also metabotropic glutamate receptor 6-dependent. To validate the RGC findings in awake, behaving animals we measured optokinetic reflexes (OKRs), which are sensitive to changes in ON pathways. Scotopic OKR contrast sensitivity was lost in Trα(-/-) mice, but indistinguishable from controls in Cx36(-/-) and rod bipolar cell knockout mice. Mesopic OKRs were also altered in mutant mice: Trα(-/-) mice had decreased spatial acuity, rod BC knockouts had decreased sensitivity, and Cx36(-/-) mice had increased sensitivity. These results provide compelling evidence against the complete Cx36 or rod BC dependence of night vision's ON component. Further, the findings suggest the parallel nature of rod pathways provides considerable redundancy to scotopic light sensitivity but distinct contributions to mesopic responses through complicated interactions with cone pathways.

Indexed as

AnimalsConnexinsGap Junction delta-2 ProteinMiceMice, KnockoutModels, AnimalNystagmus, OptokineticPhotic StimulationRetinal Bipolar CellsRetinal Ganglion CellsRetinal Rod Photoreceptor CellsVisual PathwaysConnexinsGap Junction delta-2 ProteinMouse retinaNight visionOptokinetic reflexRetinal ganglion cellRod information convergence and segregationRod pathway

Identifiers

PMID26718442
PMCPMC5052632
OpenAlexW2266480762

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.