ReviewInternational immunology2016
T follicular helper cells, T follicular regulatory cells and autoimmunity.
Review in International immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- In-Depth Profiling Highlights the Effect of Efgartigimod on Peripheral Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Myasthenia Gravis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Low-dose IL-2 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Rats by Restoring the CD4-positive Helper T-cell Balance Via the JAK/STAT5 Pathway.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Targeting STAT3 in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: mechanisms, therapeutic advances, and structure-informed perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Bifidobacterium ameliorates lupus nephritis and modulates aberrant differentiation of lymphocyte subsets.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Review: radiotherapy-mediated B cells within the TLS influence the tumor microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Traditional Chinese medicine for lupus nephritis: modulation of autoimmune pathogenesis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Oligoclonal CD4Communications biology · 2024Article
- IgG4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD) with Unique Combined Generalized Skin Rashes and Biliary Tract Manifestation: A Comprehensive Immunological Analysis.Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Defective mitochondria remodelling in B cells leads to an aged immune response.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Individual and population-level variability in HLA-DR associated immunogenicity risk of biologics used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis: aging at its crossroads.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Outline of Salivary Gland Pathogenesis of Sjögren's Syndrome and Current Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Imbalance of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells/follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Circulating CXCR5Clinical & translational immunology · 2023Article
- Identification of optimal feature genes in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy and their relationship with immune infiltration: a bioinformatics analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Precise diagnosis and targeted therapy of nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma (T-FHCL).Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Expression of ICOS in the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and its molecular mechanism.Molecular medicine reports · 2022Article
- Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Junction Disorders: Approach to Myasthenic Crisis and Chronic Management.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- Oral Immune-Related Adverse Events Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Salivary Gland Dysfunction and Mucosal Diseases.Cancers · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CD4(+)T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are recognized as a distinct T-cell subset, which provides help for germinal center (GC) formation, B-cell development and affinity maturation, and immunoglobulin class switching, as an indispensable part of adaptive immunity. Tfh cell differentiation depends on various factors including cell-surface molecule interactions, extracellular cytokines and multiple transcription factors, with B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) being the master regulator. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are also located in the GC and share phenotypic characteristics with Tfh cells and regulatory T cells, but function as negative regulators of GC responses. Dysregulation of either Tfh or Tfr cells is linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. This review covers the basic Tfh and Tfr biology including their differentiation and function, and their close relationship with autoimmune diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.