Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26710965›Full record

ArticlePharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2016

Increasing use of prescription drugs in the United Kingdom.

Frank Zhang, Ronac Mamtani, Frank I Scott, David S Goldberg, Kevin Haynes, James D Lewis

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
1.1field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing in the acute hospital setting: a cross-sectional study.QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2025
    Article
  6. High-risk medication errors: Insight from the UK National Reporting and learning system.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Impact of ACEIs and ARBs-related adverse drug reaction on patients' clinical outcomes: a cohort study in UK primary care.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2023
    Article
  11. Impact of lifestyle factors on dietary vitamin BThe British journal of nutrition · 2023
    Article
  12. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Frank ZhangCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Ronac MamtaniCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Frank I ScottCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
David S GoldbergCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Kevin HaynesCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
James D LewisCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Center for Clinical Research (United States) · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

Physician Scientist Training in Clinical OncologyK12CA076931 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI STEPHEN Patrick HUNGER, LYNN M. SCHUCHTER · 1997 to 2026
$16.5M
Undergraduate Training in Gastrointestinal SciencesR25DK066028 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI JONATHAN P KATZ · 2004 to 2026
$2.1M
Test-Treat strategy to prevent ulcerative colitis relapseK24DK078228 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI LEWIS, JAMES D · 2007 to 2016
$1.9M
Insulin resistance in the development and progression of invasive bladder cancerK23CA187185 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MAMTANI, RONAC · 2015 to 2019
$872k
A population-based cohort to study outcomes in end-stage liver disease patientsK08DK098272 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI GOLDBERG, DAVID SETH · 2013 to 2017
$786k
Microvascular disease, statins, ACE-inhibitors and post-operative SBOK08DK095951 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SCOTT, FRANK IRVING · 2012 to 2016
$771k
NCI NIH HHS K12 CA076931NCI NIH HHS K23 CA187185NIDDK NIH HHS K08 DK095951NIDDK NIH HHS K08 DK098272NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK078228NIDDK NIH HHS R25 DK066028
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrescription drugs are a central component of healthcare worldwide. We investigated changes in drug-prescribing patterns over time in the general population.

methodsSecular trends were analyzed using 1999-2012 prescription data from The Health Improvement Network. Prevalence of receipt of medication prescriptions was computed by age, sex, and therapeutic category for each calendar year. Spearman correlations were computed to assess change over time.

resultsBetween 1999 and 2012, the percentage of the population that received at least one medication prescription increased from 64.5% to 69.2% (rho = 0.96, p < 0.001). The percentage of patients receiving prescriptions for one to four unique agents declined from 45.6% to 42.1% (Spearman's rho = -0.98, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the percentage receiving five to nine and 10 or more unique agents increased from 14.1% to 17.5% (rho = 0.996, p < 0.001) and 4.7% to 9.6% (rho = 1.000, p < 0.001) respectively. Largest increases were seen in use of drugs for gastrointestinal disease among women and cardiovascular disease among men. In 2012, the most commonly used agents were for infection or nervous system drugs, with 32.0% and 28.9% of patients receiving at least one prescription, respectively.

conclusionsNearly 70% of the United Kingdom population has received prescriptions for one or more medication with increasing proportions receiving prescriptions for five or more. The high rates of medication use increase the complexity and cost of healthcare. These data can be used for public health planning and to design pharmacoepidemiology and comparative effectiveness studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Indexed as

PharmacoepidemiologyPolypharmacyAdolescentAdultAgedAge FactorsChildChild, PreschoolDatabases, FactualFemaleHumansInfantMaleMiddle AgedPractice Patterns, Physicians'Prescription DrugsPrescription Drugsdrug utilizationpharmacoepidemiologypolypharmacysecular trends

Identifiers

PMID26710965
PMCPMC4889568
OpenAlexW2215622857

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.