ArticleAlzheimer disease and associated disorders
Temporal Cognitive Decline Associated With Exposure to Infectious Agents in a Population-based, Aging Cohort.
Article in Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Herpes simplex virus 2 and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in dementia · 2026Pooled it
- Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2020Pooled it
- Blockade of Tim-3 pathway in a mouse model of Toxoplasmosis: impact on brain leukocyte infiltration, parasite burden, and neuroinflammation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- CMV titer associations with cognition and the plasma proteome implicate FLT1 and neurovascular mechanisms as potential moderators.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Toxoplasma gondii as a drug for anti-tumor immunotherapy: mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2026Review
- Changes of cognitive functions and proinflammatory cytokines across the lifespan in latentBrain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Cognitive Impairment in CMV Seropositive and CMV Seronegative Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients.Transplantation direct · 2025Article
- What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer's disease?Trends in neurosciences · 2025Review
- Proteomic signatures of corona and herpes viral antibodies identify IGDCC4 as a mediator of neurodegeneration.Science advances · 2025Article
- Involvement of virus infections and antiviral agents in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2025Review
- Human cytomegalovirus infection and cognitive decline: insights from population and experimental studies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Sensory Dysfunction, Microbial Infections, and Host Responses in Alzheimer's Disease.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Updates in Alzheimer's disease: from basic research to diagnosis and therapies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Health.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cognitive Effects ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Observational
- ChronicLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Pathological mechanisms of glial cell activation and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders caused byFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- A parasite odyssey: An RNA virus concealed inVirus evolution · 2024Article
- Widespread amyloid aggregates formation by Zika virus proteins and peptides.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2023Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNumerous cross-sectional studies have related exposure to neurotropic infectious agents with cognitive dysfunction in older adults, however, the temporal sequence is uncertain.
methodsIn a representative, well-characterized, population-based aging cohort, we determined whether the temporal trajectories of multiple cognitive domains are associated with exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes Simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2), or Toxoplasma gondii (TOX). Complex attention, executive functions, memory, language, and visuospatial function were assessed annually for 5 years among consenting individuals. Study entry IgG antibody titers indexing exposure to each infectious agent were examined in relation to slopes of subsequent temporal cognitive decline using multiple linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders.
resultsThe IgG levels for HSV-2 were significantly associated with baseline cognitive domain scores (N=1022 participants). Further, the IgG levels for HSV-2, TOX, and CMV, but not HSV-1 were significantly associated with greater temporal cognitive decline that varied by type of infection.
conclusionsExposure to CMV, HSV-2, or TOX is associated with cognitive deterioration in older individuals, independent of general age-related variables. An increased understanding of the role of infectious agents in cognitive decline may lead to new methods for its prevention and treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.