Observational studyPloS one2015
The Use of Hypnotics and Mortality--A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of hypnotics and the risk of or mortality from heart disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Z-Drug Use and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Cohort Studies.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Incidence and trend of cardiac events among children and young adults exposed to psychopharmacological treatment (2006-2018): A nationwide register-based study.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- Use of benzodiazepine and Z-drugs and mortality in older adults after myocardial infarction.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2023Article
- Trends, correlates, and disease patterns of sedative-hypnotic use among elderly persons in Taiwan.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Association of Zolpidem With Increased Mortality in Patients With Brain Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on the National Health Insurance Service Database.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Article
- Risk of insomnia and hypnotics use among emergency physicians.Industrial health · 2021Article
- Association of Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist Use With Changes in Psoriasis Severity in Adult Population: A Population-Based Study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Patterns of Benzodiazepine Use and Excess Risk of All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Drug safety · 2021Article
- The Prevalence and Incidence of Insomnia in Korea during 2005 to 2013.Psychiatry investigation · 2020Article
- Association between Sedative-hypnotics and Subsequent Cancer in Patients with and without Insomnia: A 14-year Follow-up Study in Taiwan.Journal of Cancer · 2019Article
- Use of benzodiazepines and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of women aged over 50 years.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Article
- Use of Sedative-Hypnotics and Mortality: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2018Article
- Association Between Opioid and Benzodiazepine Use and Clinical Deterioration in Ward Patients.Journal of hospital medicine · 2017Observational
- Hypnotic drug risks of mortality, infection, depression, and cancer: but lack of benefit.F1000Research · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSleep disorders, especially chronic insomnia, have become major health problem worldwide and, as a result, the use of hypnotics is steadily increasing. However, few studies with a large sample size and long-term observation have been conducted to investigate the relationship between specific hypnotics and mortality.
methodsWe conducted this retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Information from claims data including basic characteristics, the use of hypnotics, and survival from 2000 to 2009 for 1,320,322 individuals were included. The use of hypnotics was divided into groups using the defined daily dose and the cumulative length of use. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated from a Cox proportional hazards model, with two different matching techniques to examine the associations.
resultsCompared to the non-users, both users of benzodiazepines (HR = 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.78-1.85) and mixed users (HR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.42-1.47) had a higher risk of death, whereas the users of other non-benzodiazepines users showed no differences. Zolpidem users (HR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.71-0.75) exhibited a lower risk of mortality in the adjusted models. This pattern remained similar in both matching techniques. Secondary analysis indicated that zolpidem users had a reduced risk of major cause-specific mortality except cancer, and that this protective effect was dose-responsive, with those using for more than 1 year having the lowest risk.
conclusionsThe effects of different types of hypnotics on mortality were diverse in this large cohort with long-term follow-up based on representative claims data in Taiwan. The use of zolpidem was associated with a reduced risk of mortality.
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