ReviewPediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2016
Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), acid-base or H2O homeostasis in children with urinary tract infections: a narrative review.
Review in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transient secondary pseudo-hypoaldosteronism in infants with urinary tract infections: systematic literature review.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Sodium assessment in neonates, infants, and children: a systematic review.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Hyperammonemia associated with distal renal tubular acidosis or urinary tract infection: a systematic review.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2018Pooled it
- Thirst, sodium, and the hospitalized child: rethinking hypernatremia.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Kidney involvement during the course of febrile urinary tract infection.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Life-Threatening Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, and Shock in Infancy: Not Always Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.Cureus · 2025Article
- Metabolic acidosis is associated with infection severity in pediatric pyelonephritis and pneumonia.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Prediction of urinary tract infection using machine learning methods: a study for finding the most-informative variables.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Article
- Prevalence of and factors associated with Na + /K + imbalances in a population of children hospitalized with febrile urinary tract infection.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Association between hyponatremia and disease severity in pediatric urinary tract infections.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism: a 15-year experience and a literature review.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Observational
- Cardiac arrest in a newborn: A case of pseudohypoaldosteronism.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Relationship of severity of hyponatremia and adverse outcomes in children visiting the emergency department.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Hyponatremia and other potential markers of ultrasound abnormalities after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Pseudo-hypoaldosteronism secondary to infantile urinary tract infections: role of ultrasound.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Hyponatremia in childhood urinary tract infection.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Case Report: Severe Hyponatremia in Infants With Urinary Tract Infection.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Lipopolysaccharide directly inhibits bicarbonate absorption by the renal outer medullary collecting duct.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Metabolic acidosis exacerbates pyelonephritis in mice prone to vesicoureteral reflux.Physiological reports · 2020Article
- Prevalence, diagnosis, and management of secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in childhood do not address the issue of abnormalities in Na(+), K(+), Cl(-) and acid-base balance. We have conducted a narrative review of the literature with the aim to describe the underlying mechanisms of these abnormalities and to suggest therapeutic maneuvers. Abnormalities in Na(+), K(+), Cl(-) and acid-base balance are common in newborns and infants and uncommon in children of more than 3 years of age. Such abnormalities may result from factitious laboratory results, from signs and symptoms (such as excessive sweating, poor fluid intake, vomiting and passage of loose stools) of the infection itself, from a renal dysfunction, from improper parenteral fluid management or from the prescribed antimicrobials. In addition, two transient renal tubular dysfunctions may occur in infants with infectious renal parenchymal involvement: a reduced capacity to concentrate urine and pseudohypoaldosteronism secondary to renal tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone that presents with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and acidosis. In addition to antimicrobials, volume resuscitation with an isotonic solution is required in these children. In secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism, isotonic solutions (such as 0.9 % saline or lactated Ringer) correct not only the volume depletion but also the hyperkalemia and acidosis. In conclusion, our review suggests that in infants with infectious renal parenchymal involvement, non-renal and renal causes concur to cause fluid volume depletion and abnormalities in electrolyte and acid-base balance, most frequently hyponatremia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.