ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2016
Distinct expression of interleukin (IL)-36α, β and γ, their antagonist IL-36Ra and IL-38 in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 266 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research progress on serological indices and their clinical application in rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2022Pooled it
- Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- IL-36γ is a pivotal inflammatory player in periodontitis-associated bone loss.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Differential Expression of IL-36 Family Members and IL-38 by Immune and Nonimmune Cells in Patients with Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease.BioMed research international · 2018Trial
- Serum IL-38 and the rs7599662 polymorphism: novel biomarkers for pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Elevated interleukin-36γ and gene polymorphisms implicate novel risk in essential hypertension.Immunogenetics · 2026Article
- IL-36 mediates immune activation in Sjögren's disease and may represent a novel biomarker of disease.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Cellular senescence in Crohn's disease: a double-edged sword in intestinal fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Elevated serum interleukin-38 levels in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: diagnostic implications and correlations with inflammatory markers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Serum Dysregulation of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in Pyoderma Gangrenosum: Clinical Correlations and Implications for IL-36R-Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Macrophage-derived exosomes in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- IL-1 family cytokines in inflammation and immunity.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Upregulation and diagnostic potential of Interleukin-36 cytokine isoforms in dilated cardiomyopathy: evidence from human and murine models.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Synovial MS4A4A correlates with inflammation and counteracts response to corticosteroids in arthritis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Enhanced IL36RN Expression and Its Association With Immune Microenvironment Predicts Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Destructive and protective effects and therapeutic targets of IL-36 family cytokines in dry eye disease.The ocular surface · 2025Article
- Monocytes Expressing IL-36G Play a Crucial Role in Atopic Dermatitis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Gasdermin D-dependent neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate cytokine storm contributing to pyoderma gangrenosum pathogenesis.iScience · 2025Article
- Blockade of IL-1 family cytokines in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Dichotomous roles of IL-36 and IL-38 in cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ are expressed highly in skin and are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, while the antagonists IL-36Ra or IL-38, another potential IL-36 inhibitor, limit uncontrolled inflammation. The expression and role of IL-36 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease (CD) is currently debated. Here, we observed that during imiquimod-induced mouse skin inflammation and in human psoriasis, expression of IL-36α, γ and IL-36Ra, but not IL-36β and IL-38 mRNA, was induced and correlated with IL-1β and T helper type 17 (Th17) cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, CCL20). In mice with collagen-induced arthritis and in the synovium of patients with RA, IL-36α, β, γ, IL-36Ra and IL-38 were all elevated and correlated with IL-1β, CCL3, CCL4 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), but not with Th17 cytokines. In the colon of mice with dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis and in patients with CD, only IL-36α, γ and IL-38 were induced at relatively low levels and correlated with IL-1β and IL-17A. We suggest that only a minor subgroup of patients with RA (17-29%) or CD (25%) had an elevated IL-36 agonists/antagonists ratio, versus 93% of patients with psoriasis. By immunohistochemistry, IL-36 cytokines were produced by various cell types in skin, synovium and colonic mucosa such as keratinocytes, CD68⁺ macrophages, dendritic/Langerhans cells and CD79α⁺ plasma cells. In primary cultures of monocytes or inflammatory macrophages (M1), IL-36β and IL-36Ra were produced constitutively, but IL-36α, γ and IL-38 were produced after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These distinct expression profiles may help to explain why only subgroups of RA and CD patients have a potentially elevated IL-36 agonists/antagonists ratio.
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