ArticlePloS one2015
Novel Markers to Delineate Murine M1 and M2 Macrophages.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 647 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
647 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,002 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of disrupted sleep on macrophage polarization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the endothelial-immune candidate biomarker endoglin in rheumatic diseases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Low-dose oral nicotinamide mononucleotide for immune thrombocytopenia: a phase 1/2 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Induction of DNA-mediated immune responses by bacterial extracellular vesicles results in control of murine norovirus infection.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- GABA ameliorates diabetic kidney disease-induced podocyte injury via JAML-FPR2 axis-mediated suppression of macrophage infiltration.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Transcriptional regulation and function of GPR18 in macrophage subtype specification.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Biomaterial-guided macrophage modulation: Therapeutic engineering of immune microenvironments.Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Curcumin Improves Silica Induced Lung Fibrosis by Targeting TLR4-NLRP3 Inflammasome and TGF-β Inhibition in Mice Model.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- CD1d remodels the tumor-infiltrating myeloid populations controlling antitumor immunity.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Immunomodulation of the Prostate Tumor Microenvironment Following Inorganic Arsenic Exposure.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Exploratory single-nucleus multiomics analysis of myeloid cell states associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial profiling across macrophage states reveals inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 reprogramming by the integrated stress response.Science advances · 2026Article
- LyP vs advanced-stage CTCLs: single-cell profiling reveals markers of self-limited vs aggressive disease behavior.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Tumor-derived stearic acid induces macrophage Egr2 signaling to suppress anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Vitronectin metabolically programs profibrotic macrophages in 3D cultures and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Science advances · 2026Article
- What Do We Know About Immune System Aging from Human and Animal Studies?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of hydrogen peroxide in the immune microenvironment of hypoxic tumors.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Continuous low-intensity ultrasound influences the transcriptomic profile in M1 macrophages by downregulating inflammation and promoting M2-like markers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Potential of a Graphene Monolayer in Macrophage Polarization Using RAW 264.7 Cells.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Activation of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway Attenuates BDE-47-Induced Immunotoxicity in RAW264.7 Macrophages.Biomolecules · 2026Article
587 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions. It has been difficult to dissect macrophage phenotypes in vivo, where a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes exists, and also in vitro, where low or non-selective M2 marker protein expression is observed. To provide a foundation for the complexity of in vivo macrophage phenotypes, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional signature of murine M0, M1 and M2 macrophages and identified genes common or exclusive to either subset. We validated by real-time PCR an M1-exclusive pattern of expression for CD38, G-protein coupled receptor 18 (Gpr18) and Formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) whereas Early growth response protein 2 (Egr2) and c-Myc were M2-exclusive. We further confirmed these data by flow cytometry and show that M1 and M2 macrophages can be distinguished by their relative expression of CD38 and Egr2. Egr2 labeled more M2 macrophages (~70%) than the canonical M2 macrophage marker Arginase-1, which labels 24% of M2 macrophages. Conversely, CD38 labeled most (71%) in vitro M1 macrophages. In vivo, a similar CD38+ population greatly increased after LPS exposure. Overall, this work defines exclusive and common M1 and M2 signatures and provides novel and improved tools to distinguish M1 and M2 murine macrophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.